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Numerical Investigation of the Oxide Scale Deformation Behaviour with Consideration of Carbon Content during Hot Forging.

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Title: Numerical Investigation of the Oxide Scale Deformation Behaviour with Consideration of Carbon Content during Hot Forging.
Authors: Behrens, B.-A.1, Kawalla, R.2, Awiszus, B.3, Bouguecha, A.1, Ullmann, M.2, Graf, M.3, Bonk, C.1, Chugreev, A.1, Wester, H.1 wester@ifum.uni-hannover.de
Source: Procedia Engineering. 2017, Vol. 207, p526-531. 6p.
Subjects: Carbon steel, Forging, Deformations (Mechanics), Computer simulation, Quality control, Finite element method software
Abstract: Due to increasing product requirements the numerical simulation has become a powerful tool for the effective and efficient design of individual process steps as well as entire process chains. In order to model hot forging processes with finite element based numerical methods realistic models are required which consider the detailed mathematical description of the material behaviour during the forging process, the surface phenomena at die and workpiece as well as machine kinematics. Although this data exist for several steel grades, yet general mathematical models for steel groups based on alloying elements like carbon content are not available. In hot forging the surface properties are strongly affected by the growth of oxide scale, which influences material flow, friction as well as product quality of the finished components. The influence of different carbon contents on oxide scale growth and material behaviour is investigated by considering three different steel grades (C15, C45 and C60). For a general description of the material behaviour, an empirical approach is used to implement mathematical functions so as to express the relationship between flow stress and dominant influence variables like alloying elements, initial microstructure and reheating mode. The oxide scale consists of three different components namely wuestite, magnetite and haematite. In order to take the oxide scale into account, additional models are required to describe the growth kinematic and flow behaviour of the oxide scale components. The mathematical relationship between oxidation time, temperature, carbon content and oxide scale height is based on Arrhenius approach. The deformation behaviour of oxide scale is separately modelled for each component with parameterized flow curves. This paper gives first approaches on the numerical modelling of plastic deformation of oxide scale in a hot forging process. The main focus lies on the involvement of the different materials as well as the calculation and assignment of material properties in dependence of current process parameters by using subroutines. The numerical model and subroutines will be implemented in the FE-Software simufact.forming. A validation of the numerical model will be carried out by comparison of numerical results with experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Procedia Engineering is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Numerical Investigation of the Oxide Scale Deformation Behaviour with Consideration of Carbon Content during Hot Forging.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Procedia+Engineering%22">Procedia Engineering</searchLink>. 2017, Vol. 207, p526-531. 6p.
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  Data: Due to increasing product requirements the numerical simulation has become a powerful tool for the effective and efficient design of individual process steps as well as entire process chains. In order to model hot forging processes with finite element based numerical methods realistic models are required which consider the detailed mathematical description of the material behaviour during the forging process, the surface phenomena at die and workpiece as well as machine kinematics. Although this data exist for several steel grades, yet general mathematical models for steel groups based on alloying elements like carbon content are not available. In hot forging the surface properties are strongly affected by the growth of oxide scale, which influences material flow, friction as well as product quality of the finished components. The influence of different carbon contents on oxide scale growth and material behaviour is investigated by considering three different steel grades (C15, C45 and C60). For a general description of the material behaviour, an empirical approach is used to implement mathematical functions so as to express the relationship between flow stress and dominant influence variables like alloying elements, initial microstructure and reheating mode. The oxide scale consists of three different components namely wuestite, magnetite and haematite. In order to take the oxide scale into account, additional models are required to describe the growth kinematic and flow behaviour of the oxide scale components. The mathematical relationship between oxidation time, temperature, carbon content and oxide scale height is based on Arrhenius approach. The deformation behaviour of oxide scale is separately modelled for each component with parameterized flow curves. This paper gives first approaches on the numerical modelling of plastic deformation of oxide scale in a hot forging process. The main focus lies on the involvement of the different materials as well as the calculation and assignment of material properties in dependence of current process parameters by using subroutines. The numerical model and subroutines will be implemented in the FE-Software simufact.forming. A validation of the numerical model will be carried out by comparison of numerical results with experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Procedia Engineering is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.816
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 6
        StartPage: 526
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Carbon steel
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Forging
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      – SubjectFull: Deformations (Mechanics)
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      – SubjectFull: Quality control
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      – SubjectFull: Finite element method software
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      – TitleFull: Numerical Investigation of the Oxide Scale Deformation Behaviour with Consideration of Carbon Content during Hot Forging.
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