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0.2-nJ/b Fast Start-Up Ultralow Power Wireless Transmitter for IoT Applications.

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Title: 0.2-nJ/b Fast Start-Up Ultralow Power Wireless Transmitter for IoT Applications.
Authors: Zarate-Roldan, Jorge1, Abuellil, Amr1, Mansour, Mo'men2, Elsayed, Omar1, Hussien, Faisal Abdel-Latif2, Eladawy, Ahmed2, Sanchez-Sinencio, Edgar1
Source: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory & Techniques. Jan2018, Vol. 66 Issue 1, p259-272. 14p.
Subjects: Wireless communications equipment, Internet of things, Phase-locked loops, Electric power consumption management, Energy consumption management, Equipment & supplies
Abstract: Wireless transmitters (Tx) targeting Internet-of-things (IoT) applications impose tough end-to-end efficiency requirements. The frequency synthesis problem is usually solved by incorporating a variant of the phase-locked loop. However, power-hungry dividers and large loop time constants hurt the aggregated Tx power consumption and produce systems with slow start-up and turnaround times, particularly when operating at low output power. This paper demonstrates an agile ultralow power and energy-efficient transmitter architecture for IoT applications to address these concerns. The Tx leverages the characteristics of the wideband frequency-shift keying modulation and uses an openloop ring oscillator based on a vertical delay cell as its local oscillator (LO) generator. When followed by an edge-combiner-type power amplifier, the required LO operating frequency drops to one-third of the RF frequency, which further reduces the Tx power consumption. Moreover, LO frequency correction is achieved through a digitally assisted scheme with specially designed delay cells for fast frequency calibration. The Tx was fabricated in 0.18- \mu \text m CMOS technology and occupies an active area of 0.112 mm2. The experimental results show a Tx energy efficiency of 0.2 nJ/b for a 3-Mb/s data rate and a normalized energy efficiency of 3.1 nJ/b $\cdot $ mW when operating at a maximum output power of −10 dBm. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
Copyright of IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory & Techniques is the property of IEEE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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  Data: 0.2-nJ/b Fast Start-Up Ultralow Power Wireless Transmitter for IoT Applications.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wireless+communications+equipment%22">Wireless communications equipment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Internet+of+things%22">Internet of things</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phase-locked+loops%22">Phase-locked loops</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electric+power+consumption+management%22">Electric power consumption management</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+consumption+management%22">Energy consumption management</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Equipment+%26+supplies%22">Equipment & supplies</searchLink>
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  Data: Wireless transmitters (Tx) targeting Internet-of-things (IoT) applications impose tough end-to-end efficiency requirements. The frequency synthesis problem is usually solved by incorporating a variant of the phase-locked loop. However, power-hungry dividers and large loop time constants hurt the aggregated Tx power consumption and produce systems with slow start-up and turnaround times, particularly when operating at low output power. This paper demonstrates an agile ultralow power and energy-efficient transmitter architecture for IoT applications to address these concerns. The Tx leverages the characteristics of the wideband frequency-shift keying modulation and uses an openloop ring oscillator based on a vertical delay cell as its local oscillator (LO) generator. When followed by an edge-combiner-type power amplifier, the required LO operating frequency drops to one-third of the RF frequency, which further reduces the Tx power consumption. Moreover, LO frequency correction is achieved through a digitally assisted scheme with specially designed delay cells for fast frequency calibration. The Tx was fabricated in 0.18- \mu \text m CMOS technology and occupies an active area of 0.112 mm2. The experimental results show a Tx energy efficiency of 0.2 nJ/b for a 3-Mb/s data rate and a normalized energy efficiency of 3.1 nJ/b $\cdot $ mW when operating at a maximum output power of −10 dBm. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory & Techniques is the property of IEEE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1109/TMTT.2017.2705698
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      – SubjectFull: Phase-locked loops
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              Text: Jan2018
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