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Production and stability of low amount fraction of formaldehyde in hydrogen gas standards.

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Title: Production and stability of low amount fraction of formaldehyde in hydrogen gas standards.
Authors: Bacquart, Thomas1 Thomas.bacquart@npl.co.uk, Perkins, Mark2, Ferracci, Valerio1, Martin, Nicholas A.1, Resner, Kate1, Ward, Michael K.M.1, Cassidy, Nathan1, Hook, Joshua B.1, Brewer, Paul J.1, Irvine, John T.C.3, Connor, Paul A.3, Murugan, Arul1
Source: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. Mar2018, Vol. 43 Issue 13, p6711-6722. 12p.
Subjects: Formaldehyde, Hydrogen, Refrigerants, Water vapor, Argon
Abstract: Formaldehyde is an intermediate of the steam methane reforming process for hydrogen production. According to International Standard ISO 14687-2 the amount fraction level of formaldehyde present in hydrogen supplied to fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) must not exceed 10 nmol mol −1 . The development of formaldehyde standards in hydrogen is crucial to validate the analytical results and ensure measurement reliability for the FCEV industry. NPL demonstrated that these standards can be gravimetrically prepared and validated at 10 μmol mol −1 with a shelf-life of 8 weeks (stability uncertainty <10%; k = 1), but that formaldehyde degrades into methanol and dimethoxymethane, as measured by FTIR, GC-MS and SIFT-MS. The degradation kinetics is more rapid than predicted by thermodynamics, this may be due to the internal gas cylinder surface acting as a catalyst. The identification of by-products (methanol and dimethoxymethane) requires further investigation to establish any potential undesirable impacts to the FCEV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Hydrogen Energy is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 128518863
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  Data: Production and stability of low amount fraction of formaldehyde in hydrogen gas standards.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Bacquart%2C+Thomas%22&quot;&gt;Bacquart, Thomas&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;i&gt; Thomas.bacquart@npl.co.uk&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Perkins%2C+Mark%22&quot;&gt;Perkins, Mark&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;2&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Ferracci%2C+Valerio%22&quot;&gt;Ferracci, Valerio&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Martin%2C+Nicholas+A%2E%22&quot;&gt;Martin, Nicholas A.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Resner%2C+Kate%22&quot;&gt;Resner, Kate&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Ward%2C+Michael+K%2EM%2E%22&quot;&gt;Ward, Michael K.M.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Cassidy%2C+Nathan%22&quot;&gt;Cassidy, Nathan&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Hook%2C+Joshua+B%2E%22&quot;&gt;Hook, Joshua B.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Brewer%2C+Paul+J%2E%22&quot;&gt;Brewer, Paul J.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Irvine%2C+John+T%2EC%2E%22&quot;&gt;Irvine, John T.C.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Connor%2C+Paul+A%2E%22&quot;&gt;Connor, Paul A.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Murugan%2C+Arul%22&quot;&gt;Murugan, Arul&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt;
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22International+Journal+of+Hydrogen+Energy%22&quot;&gt;International Journal of Hydrogen Energy&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Mar2018, Vol. 43 Issue 13, p6711-6722. 12p.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Formaldehyde%22&quot;&gt;Formaldehyde&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Hydrogen%22&quot;&gt;Hydrogen&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Refrigerants%22&quot;&gt;Refrigerants&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Water+vapor%22&quot;&gt;Water vapor&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Argon%22&quot;&gt;Argon&lt;/searchLink&gt;
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  Data: Formaldehyde is an intermediate of the steam methane reforming process for hydrogen production. According to International Standard ISO 14687-2 the amount fraction level of formaldehyde present in hydrogen supplied to fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) must not exceed 10 nmol mol −1 . The development of formaldehyde standards in hydrogen is crucial to validate the analytical results and ensure measurement reliability for the FCEV industry. NPL demonstrated that these standards can be gravimetrically prepared and validated at 10 μmol mol −1 with a shelf-life of 8 weeks (stability uncertainty &lt;10%; k = 1), but that formaldehyde degrades into methanol and dimethoxymethane, as measured by FTIR, GC-MS and SIFT-MS. The degradation kinetics is more rapid than predicted by thermodynamics, this may be due to the internal gas cylinder surface acting as a catalyst. The identification of by-products (methanol and dimethoxymethane) requires further investigation to establish any potential undesirable impacts to the FCEV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of International Journal of Hydrogen Energy is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.02.026
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 12
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      – SubjectFull: Formaldehyde
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      – SubjectFull: Refrigerants
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