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Squalene isolated from marine macroalgae Caulerpa racemosa and its potent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities.

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Title: Squalene isolated from marine macroalgae Caulerpa racemosa and its potent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities.
Authors: Fernando, Ilekuttige Priyan Shanura1, Sanjeewa, Kalu Kapuge Asanka1, Samarakoon, Kalpa Wishvajith2, Lee, Won Woo1, Kim, Hyun‐Soo1, Jeon, You‐Jin1 youjin2014@gmail.com
Source: Journal of Food Biochemistry. Oct2018, Vol. 42 Issue 5, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Squalene, Antioxidants, Ethanol, Hexane, Keratinocytes
Abstract: Evaluating biofunctional properties of marine natural products receives increased attention in recent research. Current study explores the biofunctional properties of Caulerpa racemosa 70% ethanol extract (CRE) to identify bioactive principals. Ethyl acetate (CREE) and hexane (CREH) fractions of CRE indicated potent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity. Bioassay‐guided purification of CREH led to the isolation of squalene, which indicated prominent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity. Squalene reduced alkyl and hydroxyl radical scavenging and 2,2'‐Azobis(2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and H2O2‐induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Squalene increased protective effects in HaCaT keratinocytes against UV‐induced cell damage by reducing ROS levels. Furthermore, squalene could reduce nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase (COX‐2) levels, and some key pro‐inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide‐induced RAW macrophages. Structure of squalene was confirmed by NMR and GC‐MS/MS analysis. This is the first study to report the isolation of squalene from the macroalgae C. racemosa. Practical applications Caulerpa racemosa is an edible green alga popularly consumed as a salad in South East Asia. The current study highlights the antioxidant and the broad range of anti‐inflammatory functionality of its 70% ethanol extract and solvent fractions. The studies led to the isolation of squalene which also indicated prominent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity. Hence C. racemosa possesses nutraceutical and bioactive properties which enable it to be used as a functional food ingredient or in manufacturing cosmeceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Food Biochemistry is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Squalene isolated from marine macroalgae Caulerpa racemosa and its potent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fernando%2C+Ilekuttige+Priyan+Shanura%22">Fernando, Ilekuttige Priyan Shanura</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sanjeewa%2C+Kalu+Kapuge+Asanka%22">Sanjeewa, Kalu Kapuge Asanka</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Samarakoon%2C+Kalpa+Wishvajith%22">Samarakoon, Kalpa Wishvajith</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lee%2C+Won+Woo%22">Lee, Won Woo</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+Hyun‐Soo%22">Kim, Hyun‐Soo</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jeon%2C+You‐Jin%22">Jeon, You‐Jin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> youjin2014@gmail.com</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Food+Biochemistry%22">Journal of Food Biochemistry</searchLink>. Oct2018, Vol. 42 Issue 5, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Squalene%22">Squalene</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Antioxidants%22">Antioxidants</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ethanol%22">Ethanol</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hexane%22">Hexane</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Keratinocytes%22">Keratinocytes</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Evaluating biofunctional properties of marine natural products receives increased attention in recent research. Current study explores the biofunctional properties of Caulerpa racemosa 70% ethanol extract (CRE) to identify bioactive principals. Ethyl acetate (CREE) and hexane (CREH) fractions of CRE indicated potent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity. Bioassay‐guided purification of CREH led to the isolation of squalene, which indicated prominent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity. Squalene reduced alkyl and hydroxyl radical scavenging and 2,2'‐Azobis(2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and H2O2‐induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Squalene increased protective effects in HaCaT keratinocytes against UV‐induced cell damage by reducing ROS levels. Furthermore, squalene could reduce nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase (COX‐2) levels, and some key pro‐inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide‐induced RAW macrophages. Structure of squalene was confirmed by NMR and GC‐MS/MS analysis. This is the first study to report the isolation of squalene from the macroalgae C. racemosa. Practical applications Caulerpa racemosa is an edible green alga popularly consumed as a salad in South East Asia. The current study highlights the antioxidant and the broad range of anti‐inflammatory functionality of its 70% ethanol extract and solvent fractions. The studies led to the isolation of squalene which also indicated prominent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity. Hence C. racemosa possesses nutraceutical and bioactive properties which enable it to be used as a functional food ingredient or in manufacturing cosmeceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Food Biochemistry is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1111/jfbc.12628
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Squalene
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Antioxidants
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      – SubjectFull: Ethanol
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      – SubjectFull: Hexane
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Keratinocytes
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Squalene isolated from marine macroalgae Caulerpa racemosa and its potent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities.
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            NameFull: Fernando, Ilekuttige Priyan Shanura
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            NameFull: Sanjeewa, Kalu Kapuge Asanka
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            NameFull: Lee, Won Woo
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            NameFull: Kim, Hyun‐Soo
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              Text: Oct2018
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