A comparison of approaches for citrus canopy profile generation using ultrasonic and Leddar® sensors.
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| Title: | A comparison of approaches for citrus canopy profile generation using ultrasonic and Leddar® sensors. |
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| Authors: | Gangadharan, Sanjeev1, Burks, Thomas F.1 tburks@ufl.edu, Schueller, John K.1 |
| Source: | Computers & Electronics in Agriculture. Jan2019, Vol. 156, p71-83. 13p. |
| Subjects: | Plant canopies, Ultrasonic equipment, Three-dimensional imaging, Agricultural engineering, Light emitting diodes |
| Abstract: | Highlights • Compares accuracy of Ultrasonic sensors and Leddar® sensors on targets of known dimensions, as well as on tree canopy. • A novel ground truthing approach is discussed for validating sensor canopy estimation. • Compares the ability of the two sensors to generate a 3D tree canopy profile. • A method of tree canopy volume estimation from discrete point measurements using generated 3D plots is explored. Abstract Tree canopy profile can be generated with a variety of sensors that include Lidar, ultrasonic sensors, radar and camera-based systems. In this study, a new kind of sensor, Leddar® that uses LED's to measure distances is compared with a popular ultrasonic sensor. The purpose of the study is to assess the viability of the sensors to form part of a control system design that will enable the operation of an automated shaker system. The shaker system will be able to move dynamically based on the shape of the tree canopy formed by the sensor outputs. Statistical methods were used in both indoor and outdoor environments to identify and reduce the systematic and random errors involved in the sensor measurements. The sensors provided with an average error less than 5.08 cm in the indoor environment and less than 10.16 cm in the outdoor environment. The sensor outputs showed lower error values on larger distances in the outdoor setting. A vertical and horizontal grid setup formed the basis of development of 3D canopy profiles of a grove of citrus trees. This grid setup was used to generate a point cloud from the sensor outputs to represent the tree canopy profile. Volume estimation is also performed with the Leddar® sensors. This study enlists an experimental approach to compare the performance of ultrasonic and Leddar sensors to 3D canopy profile generation and volume estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Computers & Electronics in Agriculture is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
| FullText | Text: Availability: 0 |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 133826877 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: A comparison of approaches for citrus canopy profile generation using ultrasonic and Leddar® sensors. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gangadharan%2C+Sanjeev%22">Gangadharan, Sanjeev</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Burks%2C+Thomas+F%2E%22">Burks, Thomas F.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> tburks@ufl.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schueller%2C+John+K%2E%22">Schueller, John K.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Computers+%26+Electronics+in+Agriculture%22">Computers & Electronics in Agriculture</searchLink>. Jan2019, Vol. 156, p71-83. 13p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Plant+canopies%22">Plant canopies</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ultrasonic+equipment%22">Ultrasonic equipment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Three-dimensional+imaging%22">Three-dimensional imaging</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Agricultural+engineering%22">Agricultural engineering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Light+emitting+diodes%22">Light emitting diodes</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Highlights • Compares accuracy of Ultrasonic sensors and Leddar® sensors on targets of known dimensions, as well as on tree canopy. • A novel ground truthing approach is discussed for validating sensor canopy estimation. • Compares the ability of the two sensors to generate a 3D tree canopy profile. • A method of tree canopy volume estimation from discrete point measurements using generated 3D plots is explored. Abstract Tree canopy profile can be generated with a variety of sensors that include Lidar, ultrasonic sensors, radar and camera-based systems. In this study, a new kind of sensor, Leddar® that uses LED's to measure distances is compared with a popular ultrasonic sensor. The purpose of the study is to assess the viability of the sensors to form part of a control system design that will enable the operation of an automated shaker system. The shaker system will be able to move dynamically based on the shape of the tree canopy formed by the sensor outputs. Statistical methods were used in both indoor and outdoor environments to identify and reduce the systematic and random errors involved in the sensor measurements. The sensors provided with an average error less than 5.08 cm in the indoor environment and less than 10.16 cm in the outdoor environment. The sensor outputs showed lower error values on larger distances in the outdoor setting. A vertical and horizontal grid setup formed the basis of development of 3D canopy profiles of a grove of citrus trees. This grid setup was used to generate a point cloud from the sensor outputs to represent the tree canopy profile. Volume estimation is also performed with the Leddar® sensors. This study enlists an experimental approach to compare the performance of ultrasonic and Leddar sensors to 3D canopy profile generation and volume estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Computers & Electronics in Agriculture is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1016/j.compag.2018.10.041 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 13 StartPage: 71 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Plant canopies Type: general – SubjectFull: Ultrasonic equipment Type: general – SubjectFull: Three-dimensional imaging Type: general – SubjectFull: Agricultural engineering Type: general – SubjectFull: Light emitting diodes Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: A comparison of approaches for citrus canopy profile generation using ultrasonic and Leddar® sensors. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Gangadharan, Sanjeev – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Burks, Thomas F. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Schueller, John K. IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 01 Text: Jan2019 Type: published Y: 2019 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 01681699 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 156 Titles: – TitleFull: Computers & Electronics in Agriculture Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
