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The development and testing of Navy jet fuel (JP-5) surrogates.

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Title: The development and testing of Navy jet fuel (JP-5) surrogates.
Authors: Cowart, Jim1 (AUTHOR) cowart@usna.edu, Foley, Matthew P.1 (AUTHOR) foley@naps.edu, Luning Prak, Dianne1 (AUTHOR) prak@usna.edu
Source: Fuel (0016-2361). Aug2019, Vol. 249, p80-88. 9p.
Subjects: Jet fuel, Diesel fuels, Cetane number, Combustion kinetics, Combustion chambers, Aircraft fuels
Abstract: • Navy jet JP-5 surrogates with similar physical but different combustion properties. • Surrogate's properties fit military specifications, but derived cetane numbers vary. • Low DCN jet fuel surrogates combusted poorly (including startup) in diesel engine. • Chemical ignition delay is triple physical ignition delay at high DCNs. • Combustion behavior of one surrogate matched representative JP-5 sample. In this study five naval jet fuel JP-5 surrogates were developed and tested in comparison to a nominal JP-5 fuel. Because the military uses jet fuel in diesel engines under varied circumstances, the JP-5 fuel surrogates were tested in both the Advanced Engine Technologies Ignition Quality Tester (IQT) and a Yanmar L100W Tier 4 engine. The surrogates were prepared from compounds that represent the classes of components found in JP-5: linear and branched alkanes, aromatic compounds, and cycloalkanes. Five different four-component surrogates containing n -dodecane, 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (iso -cetane), n -butylbenzene, and n -butylcyclohexane conformed to JP-5 military specifications for flash point, density, viscosity, hydrogen content, aromatic content, and distillation behavior and span a range of reactivities. The flash point of JP-5 is higher than commercial aviation fuel, therefore the surrogates were formulated with higher flashpoint components. The surrogates had very similar physical properties, which compared favorably to those of a base JP-5 fuel. The similar physical properties were chosen to minimize physical spray preparation differences in the various combustion rigs (IQT and Yanmar engine). This result was analyzed directly in the constant volume combustion chamber IQT, in which the analyzed physical delay times were very similar for all the fuels tested. The principle differences between the five surrogates were n -dodecane (high reactivity) and iso -cetane (low reactivity) concentrations, producing derived cetane numbers (DCN) from 34 to 52. Military jet fuel specifications do not limit the value of DCN, so these surrogates could represent qualified jet fuel. The lower cetane surrogates performed poorly in the Yanmar engine. This shows that a qualified jet fuel could fail to combust if used in an emergency diesel generator. One surrogate mixture (Mix-4, mole fractions of 0.25 n -dodecane, 0.20 iso- cetane, 0.15 n -butylbenzene, and 0.40 n -butylcyclohexane) had a DCN of 47, that matched the base JP-5 fuel (DCN = 46.4). In both the steady-state and cold-start engine testing, the Mix-4 surrogate and JP-5 showed very similar combustion behaviors. Thus, it is believed that Mix-4 will function as a strong surrogate for JP-5 performance in other diesel engines as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Fuel (0016-2361) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 136013784
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  Data: The development and testing of Navy jet fuel (JP-5) surrogates.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cowart%2C+Jim%22">Cowart, Jim</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> cowart@usna.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Foley%2C+Matthew+P%2E%22">Foley, Matthew P.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> foley@naps.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Luning+Prak%2C+Dianne%22">Luning Prak, Dianne</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> prak@usna.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Fuel+%280016-2361%29%22">Fuel (0016-2361)</searchLink>. Aug2019, Vol. 249, p80-88. 9p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Jet+fuel%22">Jet fuel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Diesel+fuels%22">Diesel fuels</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cetane+number%22">Cetane number</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Combustion+kinetics%22">Combustion kinetics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Combustion+chambers%22">Combustion chambers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Aircraft+fuels%22">Aircraft fuels</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: • Navy jet JP-5 surrogates with similar physical but different combustion properties. • Surrogate's properties fit military specifications, but derived cetane numbers vary. • Low DCN jet fuel surrogates combusted poorly (including startup) in diesel engine. • Chemical ignition delay is triple physical ignition delay at high DCNs. • Combustion behavior of one surrogate matched representative JP-5 sample. In this study five naval jet fuel JP-5 surrogates were developed and tested in comparison to a nominal JP-5 fuel. Because the military uses jet fuel in diesel engines under varied circumstances, the JP-5 fuel surrogates were tested in both the Advanced Engine Technologies Ignition Quality Tester (IQT) and a Yanmar L100W Tier 4 engine. The surrogates were prepared from compounds that represent the classes of components found in JP-5: linear and branched alkanes, aromatic compounds, and cycloalkanes. Five different four-component surrogates containing n -dodecane, 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (iso -cetane), n -butylbenzene, and n -butylcyclohexane conformed to JP-5 military specifications for flash point, density, viscosity, hydrogen content, aromatic content, and distillation behavior and span a range of reactivities. The flash point of JP-5 is higher than commercial aviation fuel, therefore the surrogates were formulated with higher flashpoint components. The surrogates had very similar physical properties, which compared favorably to those of a base JP-5 fuel. The similar physical properties were chosen to minimize physical spray preparation differences in the various combustion rigs (IQT and Yanmar engine). This result was analyzed directly in the constant volume combustion chamber IQT, in which the analyzed physical delay times were very similar for all the fuels tested. The principle differences between the five surrogates were n -dodecane (high reactivity) and iso -cetane (low reactivity) concentrations, producing derived cetane numbers (DCN) from 34 to 52. Military jet fuel specifications do not limit the value of DCN, so these surrogates could represent qualified jet fuel. The lower cetane surrogates performed poorly in the Yanmar engine. This shows that a qualified jet fuel could fail to combust if used in an emergency diesel generator. One surrogate mixture (Mix-4, mole fractions of 0.25 n -dodecane, 0.20 iso- cetane, 0.15 n -butylbenzene, and 0.40 n -butylcyclohexane) had a DCN of 47, that matched the base JP-5 fuel (DCN = 46.4). In both the steady-state and cold-start engine testing, the Mix-4 surrogate and JP-5 showed very similar combustion behaviors. Thus, it is believed that Mix-4 will function as a strong surrogate for JP-5 performance in other diesel engines as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Fuel (0016-2361) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.03.096
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 9
        StartPage: 80
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Jet fuel
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Diesel fuels
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cetane number
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Combustion kinetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Combustion chambers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aircraft fuels
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: The development and testing of Navy jet fuel (JP-5) surrogates.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Cowart, Jim
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Foley, Matthew P.
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            NameFull: Luning Prak, Dianne
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Text: Aug2019
              Type: published
              Y: 2019
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              Value: 00162361
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            – Type: volume
              Value: 249
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            – TitleFull: Fuel (0016-2361)
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