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On the early stages of soot formation: Molecular structure elucidation by high-resolution atomic force microscopy.

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Title: On the early stages of soot formation: Molecular structure elucidation by high-resolution atomic force microscopy.
Authors: Commodo, Mario1 (AUTHOR), Kaiser, Katharina1,2 (AUTHOR), De Falco, Gianluigi3 (AUTHOR), Minutolo, Patrizia1 (AUTHOR), Schulz, Fabian1,2 (AUTHOR) baf@zurich.ibm.com, D'Anna, Andrea1,3 (AUTHOR) anddanna@unina.it, Gross, Leo2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Combustion & Flame. Jul2019, Vol. 205, p154-164. 11p.
Subjects: Flame temperature, Atomic force microscopy, Molecular structure, Soot, Combustion research
Abstract: The early stages of soot formation, namely inception and growth, are highly debated and central to many ongoing studies in combustion research. Here, we provide new insights into these processes from studying different soot samples by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Soot has been extracted from a slightly sooting, premixed ethylene/air flame both at the onset of the nucleation process, where the particle size is of the order of 2–4 nm, and at the initial stage of particle growth, where slightly larger particles are present. Subsequently, the molecular constituents from both stages of soot formation were investigated using high-resolution AFM with CO-functionalized tips. In addition, we studied a model compound to confirm the atomic contrast and AFM-based unambiguous identification of aliphatic pentagonal rings, which were frequently observed on the periphery of the aromatic soot molecules. We show that the removal of hydrogen from such moieties could be a pathway to resonantly stabilized π-radicals, which were detected in both investigated stages of the soot formation process. Such π-radicals could be highly important in particle nucleation, as they provide a rational explanation for the binding forces among aromatic molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Combustion & Flame is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 136581890
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Data: On the early stages of soot formation: Molecular structure elucidation by high-resolution atomic force microscopy.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Commodo%2C+Mario%22">Commodo, Mario</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kaiser%2C+Katharina%22">Kaiser, Katharina</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22De+Falco%2C+Gianluigi%22">De Falco, Gianluigi</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Minutolo%2C+Patrizia%22">Minutolo, Patrizia</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schulz%2C+Fabian%22">Schulz, Fabian</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> baf@zurich.ibm.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22D'Anna%2C+Andrea%22">D'Anna, Andrea</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> anddanna@unina.it</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gross%2C+Leo%22">Gross, Leo</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Combustion+%26+Flame%22">Combustion & Flame</searchLink>. Jul2019, Vol. 205, p154-164. 11p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flame+temperature%22">Flame temperature</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atomic+force+microscopy%22">Atomic force microscopy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Molecular+structure%22">Molecular structure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soot%22">Soot</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Combustion+research%22">Combustion research</searchLink>
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  Data: The early stages of soot formation, namely inception and growth, are highly debated and central to many ongoing studies in combustion research. Here, we provide new insights into these processes from studying different soot samples by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Soot has been extracted from a slightly sooting, premixed ethylene/air flame both at the onset of the nucleation process, where the particle size is of the order of 2–4 nm, and at the initial stage of particle growth, where slightly larger particles are present. Subsequently, the molecular constituents from both stages of soot formation were investigated using high-resolution AFM with CO-functionalized tips. In addition, we studied a model compound to confirm the atomic contrast and AFM-based unambiguous identification of aliphatic pentagonal rings, which were frequently observed on the periphery of the aromatic soot molecules. We show that the removal of hydrogen from such moieties could be a pathway to resonantly stabilized π-radicals, which were detected in both investigated stages of the soot formation process. Such π-radicals could be highly important in particle nucleation, as they provide a rational explanation for the binding forces among aromatic molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Combustion & Flame is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.03.042
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 11
        StartPage: 154
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Flame temperature
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Atomic force microscopy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Molecular structure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soot
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Combustion research
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: On the early stages of soot formation: Molecular structure elucidation by high-resolution atomic force microscopy.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Commodo, Mario
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            NameFull: Kaiser, Katharina
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            NameFull: De Falco, Gianluigi
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            NameFull: Minutolo, Patrizia
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            NameFull: Schulz, Fabian
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            NameFull: D'Anna, Andrea
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            NameFull: Gross, Leo
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            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2019
              Type: published
              Y: 2019
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              Value: 00102180
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              Value: 205
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            – TitleFull: Combustion & Flame
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