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Wintertime Orographic Cloud Seeding—A Review.

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Title: Wintertime Orographic Cloud Seeding—A Review.
Authors: Rauber, Robert M.1 (AUTHOR) r-rauber@illinois.edu, Geerts, Bart2 (AUTHOR), Xue, Lulin3 (AUTHOR), French, Jeffrey2 (AUTHOR), Friedrich, Katja4 (AUTHOR), Rasmussen, Roy M.3 (AUTHOR), Tessendorf, Sarah A.3 (AUTHOR), Blestrud, Derek R.5 (AUTHOR), Kunkel, Melvin L.5 (AUTHOR), Parkinson, Shaun5 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology. Oct2019, Vol. 58 Issue 10, p2117-2140. 24p. 2 Color Photographs, 1 Diagram, 1 Chart, 2 Graphs, 2 Maps.
Subjects: Orographic clouds, Snowpack augmentation, Winter, Weather control, Cloud condensation nuclei
Abstract: This paper reviews research conducted over the last six decades to understand and quantify the efficacy of wintertime orographic cloud seeding to increase winter snowpack and water supplies within a mountain basin. The fundamental hypothesis underlying cloud seeding as a method to enhance precipitation from wintertime orographic cloud systems is that a cloud's natural precipitation efficiency can be enhanced by converting supercooled water to ice upstream and over a mountain range in such a manner that newly created ice particles can grow and fall to the ground as additional snow on a specified target area. The review summarizes the results of physical, statistical, and modeling studies aimed at evaluating this underlying hypothesis, with a focus on results from more recent experiments that take advantage of modern instrumentation and advanced computation capabilities. Recent advances in assessment and operations are also reviewed, and recommendations for future experiments, based on the successes and failures of experiments of the past, are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Wintertime Orographic Cloud Seeding—A Review.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rauber%2C+Robert+M%2E%22">Rauber, Robert M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> r-rauber@illinois.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Geerts%2C+Bart%22">Geerts, Bart</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xue%2C+Lulin%22">Xue, Lulin</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22French%2C+Jeffrey%22">French, Jeffrey</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Friedrich%2C+Katja%22">Friedrich, Katja</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rasmussen%2C+Roy+M%2E%22">Rasmussen, Roy M.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tessendorf%2C+Sarah+A%2E%22">Tessendorf, Sarah A.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Blestrud%2C+Derek+R%2E%22">Blestrud, Derek R.</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kunkel%2C+Melvin+L%2E%22">Kunkel, Melvin L.</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Parkinson%2C+Shaun%22">Parkinson, Shaun</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Applied+Meteorology+%26+Climatology%22">Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology</searchLink>. Oct2019, Vol. 58 Issue 10, p2117-2140. 24p. 2 Color Photographs, 1 Diagram, 1 Chart, 2 Graphs, 2 Maps.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Orographic+clouds%22">Orographic clouds</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Snowpack+augmentation%22">Snowpack augmentation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Winter%22">Winter</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Weather+control%22">Weather control</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cloud+condensation+nuclei%22">Cloud condensation nuclei</searchLink>
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  Data: This paper reviews research conducted over the last six decades to understand and quantify the efficacy of wintertime orographic cloud seeding to increase winter snowpack and water supplies within a mountain basin. The fundamental hypothesis underlying cloud seeding as a method to enhance precipitation from wintertime orographic cloud systems is that a cloud's natural precipitation efficiency can be enhanced by converting supercooled water to ice upstream and over a mountain range in such a manner that newly created ice particles can grow and fall to the ground as additional snow on a specified target area. The review summarizes the results of physical, statistical, and modeling studies aimed at evaluating this underlying hypothesis, with a focus on results from more recent experiments that take advantage of modern instrumentation and advanced computation capabilities. Recent advances in assessment and operations are also reviewed, and recommendations for future experiments, based on the successes and failures of experiments of the past, are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0341.1
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 24
        StartPage: 2117
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Orographic clouds
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Snowpack augmentation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Winter
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Weather control
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      – SubjectFull: Cloud condensation nuclei
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      – TitleFull: Wintertime Orographic Cloud Seeding—A Review.
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              Text: Oct2019
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