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Performance Comparison of N95 and P100 Filtering Facepiece Respirators with Presence of Artificial Leakage.

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Title: Performance Comparison of N95 and P100 Filtering Facepiece Respirators with Presence of Artificial Leakage.
Authors: Zhu, Jintuo1,2,3, He, Xinjian4 xinjian.he@mail.wvu.edu, Guffey, Steve4, Wang, Liang1,3, Wang, Haifeng1,2,3, Cheng, Jianwei1,3
Source: Annals of Work Exposures & Health. Mar2020, Vol. 64 Issue 2, p202-216. 15p. 1 Diagram, 4 Charts, 7 Graphs.
Subjects: Aerosol analysis, Salt analysis, Commercial product evaluation, Comparative studies, Human anatomical models, Industrial hygiene, Industrial safety, Particles, Breathing apparatus, Medical equipment safety measures, Product design, Medical equipment reliability
Abstract: Objectives National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health–approved P100 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) have a higher filter efficiency compared to the N95 filters. However, the former typically produce higher flow resistance (Rf). Consequently, when faceseal leakage is present, the proportion of leakage airflow for P100 FFRs may exceed that of N95s, resulting in a higher total inward leakage (TIL) of the P100. Methods In this manikin-based study, the performance of two pairs of N95 and P100 FFRs (N95-A versus P100-A; N95-B versus P100-B) were compared under five sealing conditions (fully sealed and partially sealed with one, two, or three leaks of 0.8-mm, and one 2-mm leak). Sodium chloride particles (CMD ~45 nm) were used as the challenge aerosol. Respirators were tested under three constant flows (15, 50, and 85 L/min) and three cyclic flows (mean inspiratory flow = 15, 50, and 85 L/min). Both filter penetration (Pfilter) and TIL were determined. The Rf under constant flows was recorded. Based on Pfilter, TIL, and Rf, the quality factor (qf) was calculated to compare the overall performance of N95 and P100 FFRs. Results For a fully sealed condition, the Pfilter was much lower for the P100 FFRs than for the N95 FFRs. When small leaks were inserted (0.8-mm and 2 × 0.8-mm), the TIL was higher for the P100 FFRs than for the N95 FFRs under the lowest tested flow (15 L/min), while for greater leaks (3 × 0.8-mm and 2-mm), the TIL of the P100 FFRs was always higher regardless of the flow. The Rf of P100 FFRs was measured twice as high as the N95. The qf values were also found higher for the N95 FFRs than for the P100 FFRs regardless of leak size and breathing flow. Conclusions With the presence of artificial leakage, a P100 FFR with high-flow-resistance may not be as protective as a low-flow-resistance N95 FFR. This finding suggests that future efforts should be directed to reducing the breathing resistance when designing P100 FFRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Annals of Work Exposures & Health is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Performance Comparison of N95 and P100 Filtering Facepiece Respirators with Presence of Artificial Leakage.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhu%2C+Jintuo%22">Zhu, Jintuo</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22He%2C+Xinjian%22">He, Xinjian</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo><i> xinjian.he@mail.wvu.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Guffey%2C+Steve%22">Guffey, Steve</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Liang%22">Wang, Liang</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Haifeng%22">Wang, Haifeng</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cheng%2C+Jianwei%22">Cheng, Jianwei</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Annals+of+Work+Exposures+%26+Health%22">Annals of Work Exposures & Health</searchLink>. Mar2020, Vol. 64 Issue 2, p202-216. 15p. 1 Diagram, 4 Charts, 7 Graphs.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Aerosol+analysis%22">Aerosol analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Salt+analysis%22">Salt analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Commercial+product+evaluation%22">Commercial product evaluation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Comparative+studies%22">Comparative studies</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Human+anatomical+models%22">Human anatomical models</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Industrial+hygiene%22">Industrial hygiene</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Industrial+safety%22">Industrial safety</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Particles%22">Particles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Breathing+apparatus%22">Breathing apparatus</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+equipment+safety+measures%22">Medical equipment safety measures</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Product+design%22">Product design</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+equipment+reliability%22">Medical equipment reliability</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Objectives National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health–approved P100 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) have a higher filter efficiency compared to the N95 filters. However, the former typically produce higher flow resistance (Rf). Consequently, when faceseal leakage is present, the proportion of leakage airflow for P100 FFRs may exceed that of N95s, resulting in a higher total inward leakage (TIL) of the P100. Methods In this manikin-based study, the performance of two pairs of N95 and P100 FFRs (N95-A versus P100-A; N95-B versus P100-B) were compared under five sealing conditions (fully sealed and partially sealed with one, two, or three leaks of 0.8-mm, and one 2-mm leak). Sodium chloride particles (CMD ~45 nm) were used as the challenge aerosol. Respirators were tested under three constant flows (15, 50, and 85 L/min) and three cyclic flows (mean inspiratory flow = 15, 50, and 85 L/min). Both filter penetration (Pfilter) and TIL were determined. The Rf under constant flows was recorded. Based on Pfilter, TIL, and Rf, the quality factor (qf) was calculated to compare the overall performance of N95 and P100 FFRs. Results For a fully sealed condition, the Pfilter was much lower for the P100 FFRs than for the N95 FFRs. When small leaks were inserted (0.8-mm and 2 × 0.8-mm), the TIL was higher for the P100 FFRs than for the N95 FFRs under the lowest tested flow (15 L/min), while for greater leaks (3 × 0.8-mm and 2-mm), the TIL of the P100 FFRs was always higher regardless of the flow. The Rf of P100 FFRs was measured twice as high as the N95. The qf values were also found higher for the N95 FFRs than for the P100 FFRs regardless of leak size and breathing flow. Conclusions With the presence of artificial leakage, a P100 FFR with high-flow-resistance may not be as protective as a low-flow-resistance N95 FFR. This finding suggests that future efforts should be directed to reducing the breathing resistance when designing P100 FFRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Annals of Work Exposures & Health is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1093/annweh/wxz086
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 15
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Aerosol analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Salt analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Commercial product evaluation
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      – SubjectFull: Comparative studies
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      – TitleFull: Performance Comparison of N95 and P100 Filtering Facepiece Respirators with Presence of Artificial Leakage.
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