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Diesel Exhaust Exposure during Farming Activities: Statistical Modeling of Continuous Black Carbon Concentrations.

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Title: Diesel Exhaust Exposure during Farming Activities: Statistical Modeling of Continuous Black Carbon Concentrations.
Authors: Sauvé, Jean-François1, Stapleton, Emma M2, O'Shaughnessy, Patrick T2, Locke, Sarah J1, Josse, Pabitra R1, Altmaier, Ralph W2, Silverman, Debra T1, Liu, Danping3, Albert, Paul S3, Freeman, Laura E Beane1, Hofmann, Jonathan N1, Thorne, Peter S2, Jones, Rena R1, Friesen, Melissa C1 friesenmc@mail.nih.gov
Source: Annals of Work Exposures & Health. Jun2020, Vol. 64 Issue 5, p503-513. 11p. 2 Charts, 1 Graph.
Subjects: Carbon analysis, Agricultural laborers, Biotic communities, Petroleum, Power resources, Environmental exposure, Statistical models, Descriptive statistics
Geographic Terms: Iowa
Abstract: Objectives Daily driving of diesel-powered tractors has been linked to increased lung cancer risk in farmers, yet few studies have quantified exposure levels to diesel exhaust during tractor driving or during other farm activities. We expanded an earlier task-based descriptive investigation of factors associated with real-time exposure levels to black carbon (BC, a surrogate of diesel exhaust) in Iowa farmers by increasing the sample size, collecting repeated measurements, and applying statistical models adapted to continuous measurements. Methods The expanded study added 43 days of sampling, for a total of 63 sample days conducted in 2015 and 2016 on 31 Iowa farmers. Real-time, continuous monitoring (30-s intervals) of personal BC concentrations was performed using a MicroAeth AE51 microaethelometer affixed with a micro-cyclone. A field researcher recorded information on tasks, fuel type, farmer location, and proximity to burning biomass. We evaluated the influence of these variables on log-transformed BC concentrations using a linear mixed-effect model with random effects for farmer and day and a first-order autoregressive structure for within-day correlation. Results Proximity to diesel-powered equipment was observed for 42.5% of the overall sampling time and on 61 of the 63 sample days. Predicted geometric mean BC concentrations were highest during grain bin work, loading, and harvesting, and lower for soil preparation and planting. A 68% increase in BC concentrations was predicted for close proximity to a diesel-powered vehicle, relative to far proximity, while BC concentrations were 44% higher in diesel vehicles with open cabins compared with closed cabins. Task, farmer location, fuel type, and proximity to burning biomass explained 8% of within-day variance in BC concentrations, 2% of between-day variance, and no between-farmer variance. Conclusion Our findings showed that farmers worked frequently near diesel equipment and that BC concentrations varied between tasks and by fuel type, farmer location, and proximity to burning biomass. These results could support the development of exposure models applicable to investigations of health effects in farmers associated with exposure to diesel engine exhaust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Annals of Work Exposures & Health is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Diesel Exhaust Exposure during Farming Activities: Statistical Modeling of Continuous Black Carbon Concentrations.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sauvé%2C+Jean-François%22">Sauvé, Jean-François</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stapleton%2C+Emma+M%22">Stapleton, Emma M</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22O'Shaughnessy%2C+Patrick+T%22">O'Shaughnessy, Patrick T</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Locke%2C+Sarah+J%22">Locke, Sarah J</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Josse%2C+Pabitra+R%22">Josse, Pabitra R</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Altmaier%2C+Ralph+W%22">Altmaier, Ralph W</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Silverman%2C+Debra+T%22">Silverman, Debra T</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Danping%22">Liu, Danping</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Albert%2C+Paul+S%22">Albert, Paul S</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Freeman%2C+Laura+E+Beane%22">Freeman, Laura E Beane</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hofmann%2C+Jonathan+N%22">Hofmann, Jonathan N</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Thorne%2C+Peter+S%22">Thorne, Peter S</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jones%2C+Rena+R%22">Jones, Rena R</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Friesen%2C+Melissa+C%22">Friesen, Melissa C</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> friesenmc@mail.nih.gov</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Annals+of+Work+Exposures+%26+Health%22">Annals of Work Exposures & Health</searchLink>. Jun2020, Vol. 64 Issue 5, p503-513. 11p. 2 Charts, 1 Graph.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carbon+analysis%22">Carbon analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Agricultural+laborers%22">Agricultural laborers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biotic+communities%22">Biotic communities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Petroleum%22">Petroleum</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Power+resources%22">Power resources</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Environmental+exposure%22">Environmental exposure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Statistical+models%22">Statistical models</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Descriptive+statistics%22">Descriptive statistics</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Iowa%22">Iowa</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Objectives Daily driving of diesel-powered tractors has been linked to increased lung cancer risk in farmers, yet few studies have quantified exposure levels to diesel exhaust during tractor driving or during other farm activities. We expanded an earlier task-based descriptive investigation of factors associated with real-time exposure levels to black carbon (BC, a surrogate of diesel exhaust) in Iowa farmers by increasing the sample size, collecting repeated measurements, and applying statistical models adapted to continuous measurements. Methods The expanded study added 43 days of sampling, for a total of 63 sample days conducted in 2015 and 2016 on 31 Iowa farmers. Real-time, continuous monitoring (30-s intervals) of personal BC concentrations was performed using a MicroAeth AE51 microaethelometer affixed with a micro-cyclone. A field researcher recorded information on tasks, fuel type, farmer location, and proximity to burning biomass. We evaluated the influence of these variables on log-transformed BC concentrations using a linear mixed-effect model with random effects for farmer and day and a first-order autoregressive structure for within-day correlation. Results Proximity to diesel-powered equipment was observed for 42.5% of the overall sampling time and on 61 of the 63 sample days. Predicted geometric mean BC concentrations were highest during grain bin work, loading, and harvesting, and lower for soil preparation and planting. A 68% increase in BC concentrations was predicted for close proximity to a diesel-powered vehicle, relative to far proximity, while BC concentrations were 44% higher in diesel vehicles with open cabins compared with closed cabins. Task, farmer location, fuel type, and proximity to burning biomass explained 8% of within-day variance in BC concentrations, 2% of between-day variance, and no between-farmer variance. Conclusion Our findings showed that farmers worked frequently near diesel equipment and that BC concentrations varied between tasks and by fuel type, farmer location, and proximity to burning biomass. These results could support the development of exposure models applicable to investigations of health effects in farmers associated with exposure to diesel engine exhaust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Annals of Work Exposures & Health is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa032
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 11
        StartPage: 503
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Carbon analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Agricultural laborers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Biotic communities
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      – SubjectFull: Petroleum
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Power resources
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Environmental exposure
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      – SubjectFull: Statistical models
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      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Iowa
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Diesel Exhaust Exposure during Farming Activities: Statistical Modeling of Continuous Black Carbon Concentrations.
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              Text: Jun2020
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