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Polychrome sculptures of medieval Italian monuments: Study of the binding media and pigments.

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Title: Polychrome sculptures of medieval Italian monuments: Study of the binding media and pigments.
Authors: Pinna, Daniela1 (AUTHOR) daniela.pinna@unibo.it, Conti, Claudia2 (AUTHOR) claudia.conti@cnr.it, Mazurek, Joy3 (AUTHOR) jmazurek@getty.edu
Source: Microchemical Journal. Nov2020, Vol. 158, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Linseed oil, Stone carving, Monuments, Sculpture, Preservation of painting, Pigments, Gas chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
Geographic Terms: Ferrara (Italy), Parma (Italy)
Abstract: • Remains of paint on stone sculptures of Ferrara and Parma monuments were re-examined. • Pine resin was detected in the primer medium of the panels for the first time. • Linseed oil, pine resin and proteins used as binding media of pigments. • New compounds as lead-tin yellow, orpiment and decay products were detected. • Data contribute to knowledge of architectural polychromy in the Romanesque–Gothic era. The Ferrara cathedral and Parma baptistery are exceptional medieval monuments and results of a technical study of the polychrome sculptures and reliefs are presented here. The results are an extension of past diagnostic projects carried out between the 1970s and 90s, and support the re-examination of previous investigations. Scientific and historical accounts describe medieval sculpted portals of European cathedrals as a prime example of the diffusion of the polychrome painting techniques. The technical study of paint fragments of ancient polichromy is complex and requires sophisticated instrumentation to inform colour reconstructions. In this study, micro-Raman classified pigments and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) identified the organic binding media on the pre-treated stone, primers, painted layers, and gilding. GC/MS analysis of samples from the Ferrara cathedral detected fatty acids that most closely match linseed oil and dehydroabeitic acid, a marker for pine resin, which was detected for the first time in the primer from the Ferrara cathedral panels. The Parma baptistery samples contained amino acids indicating the presence of protein and oil. Raman analysis added novel results on the pigments used, such as lead-tin yellow type I and orpiment, as well as on the state of conservation of paint layers. The data were also compared to a wide range of publications and were found to significantly contribute to the knowledge and research in architectural polychromy in the Romanesque–Gothic era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Microchemical Journal is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 145939295
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Polychrome sculptures of medieval Italian monuments: Study of the binding media and pigments.
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  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pinna%2C+Daniela%22">Pinna, Daniela</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> daniela.pinna@unibo.it</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Conti%2C+Claudia%22">Conti, Claudia</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> claudia.conti@cnr.it</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mazurek%2C+Joy%22">Mazurek, Joy</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jmazurek@getty.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Microchemical+Journal%22">Microchemical Journal</searchLink>. Nov2020, Vol. 158, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Label: Subjects
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Linseed+oil%22">Linseed oil</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Stone+carving%22">Stone carving</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Monuments%22">Monuments</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sculpture%22">Sculpture</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Preservation+of+painting%22">Preservation of painting</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pigments%22">Pigments</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gas+chromatography%2FMass+spectrometry+%28GC-MS%29%22">Gas chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC-MS)</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectGeographic
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ferrara+%28Italy%29%22">Ferrara (Italy)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Parma+%28Italy%29%22">Parma (Italy)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: • Remains of paint on stone sculptures of Ferrara and Parma monuments were re-examined. • Pine resin was detected in the primer medium of the panels for the first time. • Linseed oil, pine resin and proteins used as binding media of pigments. • New compounds as lead-tin yellow, orpiment and decay products were detected. • Data contribute to knowledge of architectural polychromy in the Romanesque–Gothic era. The Ferrara cathedral and Parma baptistery are exceptional medieval monuments and results of a technical study of the polychrome sculptures and reliefs are presented here. The results are an extension of past diagnostic projects carried out between the 1970s and 90s, and support the re-examination of previous investigations. Scientific and historical accounts describe medieval sculpted portals of European cathedrals as a prime example of the diffusion of the polychrome painting techniques. The technical study of paint fragments of ancient polichromy is complex and requires sophisticated instrumentation to inform colour reconstructions. In this study, micro-Raman classified pigments and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) identified the organic binding media on the pre-treated stone, primers, painted layers, and gilding. GC/MS analysis of samples from the Ferrara cathedral detected fatty acids that most closely match linseed oil and dehydroabeitic acid, a marker for pine resin, which was detected for the first time in the primer from the Ferrara cathedral panels. The Parma baptistery samples contained amino acids indicating the presence of protein and oil. Raman analysis added novel results on the pigments used, such as lead-tin yellow type I and orpiment, as well as on the state of conservation of paint layers. The data were also compared to a wide range of publications and were found to significantly contribute to the knowledge and research in architectural polychromy in the Romanesque–Gothic era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Microchemical Journal is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105100
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Linseed oil
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Stone carving
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Monuments
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sculpture
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Preservation of painting
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pigments
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gas chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ferrara (Italy)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Parma (Italy)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Polychrome sculptures of medieval Italian monuments: Study of the binding media and pigments.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Pinna, Daniela
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            NameFull: Conti, Claudia
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            NameFull: Mazurek, Joy
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            – D: 01
              M: 11
              Text: Nov2020
              Type: published
              Y: 2020
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              Value: 0026265X
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              Value: 158
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            – TitleFull: Microchemical Journal
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