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Tracking geochemical signatures of rare earth and trace elements in spring waters and outcropping rocks from the hidden geothermal system of Acoculco, Puebla (Mexico).

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Title: Tracking geochemical signatures of rare earth and trace elements in spring waters and outcropping rocks from the hidden geothermal system of Acoculco, Puebla (Mexico).
Authors: Santos-Raga, G.1 (AUTHOR) gusara@ier.unam.mx, Santoyo, E.1,2 (AUTHOR) esg@ier.unam.mx, Guevara, M.2 (AUTHOR) mygg@ier.unam.mx, Almirudis, E.1 (AUTHOR) erale@ier.unam.mx, Pérez-Zárate, D.3 (AUTHOR) depez@igeofisica.unam.mx, Yáñez-Dávila, D.1 (AUTHOR) dyadav@ier.unam.mx
Source: Journal of Geochemical Exploration. Aug2021, Vol. 227, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Trace elements in water, Rare earth metals, Trace elements, Water-rock interaction, Water springs, Geochemical modeling
Geographic Terms: Puebla (Mexico : State)
Abstract: A geochemical mapping of rare earth (REE) and other trace elements in water and rock samples of the hidden geothermal system of the Acoculco caldera was carried out. REE and other trace elements were measured at low concentrations in waters (ΣREE <50 μg/L) and rocks (ΣREE <773 μg/g), and used, for the first time, to understand the water-rock interaction processes of this geothermal system. A bimodal frequency distribution of pH was found among acidic waters (pH <3.5) that emerge from cold springs located inside the caldera, and slightly-acid to hot alkaline spring waters (pH 5 to 9.2) from outside the caldera. The geochemical modelling of REE showed that minerals containing Al3+, Fe, and F− were the main phases that control their concentrations in acidic waters. Different degrees of REE complexation in waters located inside the Acoculco caldera (Alcaparrosa and Los Azufres) clearly showed new signatures of geothermal activity. LnSO 4 + complexes and free ions of Ln3+ were identified as major species of the acidic waters of Alcaparrosa, whereas in less acidic waters of Los Azufres, LnF2+ show an increase in their complexation percentages. The REE chondrite-normalized patterns observed in acid waters display a depletion from light-REE (LREE) to heavy-REE (HREE), and an inverse correlation between high REE concentrations and acid pH's. The REE concentration in felsic and intermediate rocks shows "gull-wing" chondrite-normalized patterns characterised by an enrichment of LREE, a negative anomaly of Eu, and depletion of HREE with a flat tendency. The present study of water-rock interaction contributed to the identification of new geochemical signatures of major and trace elements that provide new evidences of deep formation temperatures between 200 °C and 300 °C, becoming in an effective tool for finding out convincing anomalies in hidden geothermal systems. • New geochemical signatures of REE and trace elements were found for the hidden AGS. • A bimodal frequency distribution of pH was remarkably observed in the AGS spring waters. • A dilution pattern in REE concentrations of spring waters was found for the AGS. • LREE enrichment and positive anomalies of Gd were found in normalized REE patterns. • Gull-wing patterns of REE were observed in parent acid and intermediate rocks of the AGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Geochemical Exploration is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Tracking geochemical signatures of rare earth and trace elements in spring waters and outcropping rocks from the hidden geothermal system of Acoculco, Puebla (Mexico).
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: A geochemical mapping of rare earth (REE) and other trace elements in water and rock samples of the hidden geothermal system of the Acoculco caldera was carried out. REE and other trace elements were measured at low concentrations in waters (ΣREE &lt;50 μg/L) and rocks (ΣREE &lt;773 μg/g), and used, for the first time, to understand the water-rock interaction processes of this geothermal system. A bimodal frequency distribution of pH was found among acidic waters (pH &lt;3.5) that emerge from cold springs located inside the caldera, and slightly-acid to hot alkaline spring waters (pH 5 to 9.2) from outside the caldera. The geochemical modelling of REE showed that minerals containing Al3+, Fe, and F− were the main phases that control their concentrations in acidic waters. Different degrees of REE complexation in waters located inside the Acoculco caldera (Alcaparrosa and Los Azufres) clearly showed new signatures of geothermal activity. LnSO 4 + complexes and free ions of Ln3+ were identified as major species of the acidic waters of Alcaparrosa, whereas in less acidic waters of Los Azufres, LnF2+ show an increase in their complexation percentages. The REE chondrite-normalized patterns observed in acid waters display a depletion from light-REE (LREE) to heavy-REE (HREE), and an inverse correlation between high REE concentrations and acid pH&#39;s. The REE concentration in felsic and intermediate rocks shows &quot;gull-wing&quot; chondrite-normalized patterns characterised by an enrichment of LREE, a negative anomaly of Eu, and depletion of HREE with a flat tendency. The present study of water-rock interaction contributed to the identification of new geochemical signatures of major and trace elements that provide new evidences of deep formation temperatures between 200 &#176;C and 300 &#176;C, becoming in an effective tool for finding out convincing anomalies in hidden geothermal systems. • New geochemical signatures of REE and trace elements were found for the hidden AGS. • A bimodal frequency distribution of pH was remarkably observed in the AGS spring waters. • A dilution pattern in REE concentrations of spring waters was found for the AGS. • LREE enrichment and positive anomalies of Gd were found in normalized REE patterns. • Gull-wing patterns of REE were observed in parent acid and intermediate rocks of the AGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Journal of Geochemical Exploration is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2021.106798
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Trace elements in water
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rare earth metals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Trace elements
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water-rock interaction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water springs
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Geochemical modeling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Puebla (Mexico : State)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Tracking geochemical signatures of rare earth and trace elements in spring waters and outcropping rocks from the hidden geothermal system of Acoculco, Puebla (Mexico).
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            NameFull: Santos-Raga, G.
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            NameFull: Santoyo, E.
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            NameFull: Guevara, M.
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            NameFull: Almirudis, E.
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            NameFull: Pérez-Zárate, D.
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            NameFull: Yáñez-Dávila, D.
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            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Text: Aug2021
              Type: published
              Y: 2021
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              Value: 227
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