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The Effect of Precursor Concentration on the Particle Size, Crystal Size, and Optical Energy Gap of Ce x Sn 1−x O 2 Nanofabrication.

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Title: The Effect of Precursor Concentration on the Particle Size, Crystal Size, and Optical Energy Gap of Ce x Sn 1−x O 2 Nanofabrication.
Authors: Al-Hada, Naif Mohammed1,2,3 (AUTHOR) abdullah2803@gmail.com, Md. Kasmani, Rafiziana2 (AUTHOR) mouneersaleh@yahoo.com, Kasim, Hairoladenan4 (AUTHOR) naifalhada@yahoo.com, Al-Ghaili, Abbas M.5 (AUTHOR) naifalhada@yahoo.com, Saleh, Muneer Aziz2 (AUTHOR), Banoqitah, Essam M.6 (AUTHOR) ebanoqitah@kau.edu.sa, Alhawsawi, Abdulsalam M.6,7 (AUTHOR) amalhawsawi@kau.edu.sa, Baqer, Anwar Ali8 (AUTHOR) anwaralibaqerkram@yahoo.com, Liu, Jian1 (AUTHOR) shicaixu@dzu.edu.cn, Xu, Shicai1 (AUTHOR) qiangli_chem@hotmail.com, Li, Qiang1 (AUTHOR), Noorazlan, Azlan Muhammad9 (AUTHOR) Azlanmn@fsmt.upsi.edu.my, Ahmed, Abdullah A. A.3,10 (AUTHOR), Flaifel, Moayad Husein11,12 (AUTHOR) physci2007@gmail.com, Paiman, Suriati13 (AUTHOR) suriati@upm.edu.my, Nazrin, Nazirul13 (AUTHOR) nazirulnazrin@ymail.com, Ali Al-Asbahi, Bandar14 (AUTHOR) balasbahi@ksu.edu.sa, Wang, Jihua1 (AUTHOR) naifalhada@yahoo.com
Source: Nanomaterials (2079-4991). Aug2021, Vol. 11 Issue 8, p2143. 1p.
Subjects: Band gaps, Tin, Visible spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Nanofabrication, Energy bands
Abstract: In the present work, a thermal treatment technique is applied for the synthesis of CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles. Using this method has developed understanding of how lower and higher precursor values affect the morphology, structure, and optical properties of CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles. CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticle synthesis involves a reaction between cerium and tin sources, namely, cerium nitrate hexahydrate and tin (II) chloride dihydrate, respectively, and the capping agent, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The findings indicate that lower x values yield smaller particle size with a higher energy band gap, while higher x values yield a larger particle size with a smaller energy band gap. Thus, products with lower x values may be suitable for antibacterial activity applications as smaller particles can diffuse through the cell wall faster, while products with higher x values may be suitable for solar cell energy applications as more electrons can be generated at larger particle sizes. The synthesized samples were profiled via a number of methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). As revealed by the XRD pattern analysis, the CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles formed after calcination reflect the cubic fluorite structure and cassiterite-type tetragonal structure of CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles. Meanwhile, using FT-IR analysis, Ce-O and Sn-O were confirmed as the primary bonds of ready CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticle samples, whilst TEM analysis highlighted that the average particle size was in the range 6−21 nm as the precursor concentration (Ce(NO3)3·6H2O) increased from 0.00 to 1.00. Moreover, the diffuse UV-visible reflectance spectra used to determine the optical band gap based on the Kubelka–Munk equation showed that an increase in x value has caused a decrease in the energy band gap and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: The Effect of Precursor Concentration on the Particle Size, Crystal Size, and Optical Energy Gap of Ce x Sn 1−x O 2 Nanofabrication.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Al-Hada%2C+Naif+Mohammed%22">Al-Hada, Naif Mohammed</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> abdullah2803@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Md%2E+Kasmani%2C+Rafiziana%22">Md. Kasmani, Rafiziana</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> mouneersaleh@yahoo.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kasim%2C+Hairoladenan%22">Kasim, Hairoladenan</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> naifalhada@yahoo.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Al-Ghaili%2C+Abbas+M%2E%22">Al-Ghaili, Abbas M.</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> naifalhada@yahoo.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Saleh%2C+Muneer+Aziz%22">Saleh, Muneer Aziz</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Banoqitah%2C+Essam+M%2E%22">Banoqitah, Essam M.</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> ebanoqitah@kau.edu.sa</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alhawsawi%2C+Abdulsalam+M%2E%22">Alhawsawi, Abdulsalam M.</searchLink><relatesTo>6,7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> amalhawsawi@kau.edu.sa</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Baqer%2C+Anwar+Ali%22">Baqer, Anwar Ali</searchLink><relatesTo>8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> anwaralibaqerkram@yahoo.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Jian%22">Liu, Jian</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> shicaixu@dzu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Shicai%22">Xu, Shicai</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> qiangli_chem@hotmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Qiang%22">Li, Qiang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Noorazlan%2C+Azlan+Muhammad%22">Noorazlan, Azlan Muhammad</searchLink><relatesTo>9</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> Azlanmn@fsmt.upsi.edu.my</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ahmed%2C+Abdullah+A%2E+A%2E%22">Ahmed, Abdullah A. A.</searchLink><relatesTo>3,10</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Flaifel%2C+Moayad+Husein%22">Flaifel, Moayad Husein</searchLink><relatesTo>11,12</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> physci2007@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Paiman%2C+Suriati%22">Paiman, Suriati</searchLink><relatesTo>13</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> suriati@upm.edu.my</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nazrin%2C+Nazirul%22">Nazrin, Nazirul</searchLink><relatesTo>13</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> nazirulnazrin@ymail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ali+Al-Asbahi%2C+Bandar%22">Ali Al-Asbahi, Bandar</searchLink><relatesTo>14</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> balasbahi@ksu.edu.sa</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Jihua%22">Wang, Jihua</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> naifalhada@yahoo.com</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Nanomaterials+%282079-4991%29%22">Nanomaterials (2079-4991)</searchLink>. Aug2021, Vol. 11 Issue 8, p2143. 1p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Band+gaps%22">Band gaps</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tin%22">Tin</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Visible+spectra%22">Visible spectra</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fourier+transform+infrared+spectroscopy%22">Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nanofabrication%22">Nanofabrication</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+bands%22">Energy bands</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: In the present work, a thermal treatment technique is applied for the synthesis of CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles. Using this method has developed understanding of how lower and higher precursor values affect the morphology, structure, and optical properties of CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles. CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticle synthesis involves a reaction between cerium and tin sources, namely, cerium nitrate hexahydrate and tin (II) chloride dihydrate, respectively, and the capping agent, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The findings indicate that lower x values yield smaller particle size with a higher energy band gap, while higher x values yield a larger particle size with a smaller energy band gap. Thus, products with lower x values may be suitable for antibacterial activity applications as smaller particles can diffuse through the cell wall faster, while products with higher x values may be suitable for solar cell energy applications as more electrons can be generated at larger particle sizes. The synthesized samples were profiled via a number of methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). As revealed by the XRD pattern analysis, the CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles formed after calcination reflect the cubic fluorite structure and cassiterite-type tetragonal structure of CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles. Meanwhile, using FT-IR analysis, Ce-O and Sn-O were confirmed as the primary bonds of ready CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticle samples, whilst TEM analysis highlighted that the average particle size was in the range 6−21 nm as the precursor concentration (Ce(NO3)3·6H2O) increased from 0.00 to 1.00. Moreover, the diffuse UV-visible reflectance spectra used to determine the optical band gap based on the Kubelka–Munk equation showed that an increase in x value has caused a decrease in the energy band gap and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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