Development of a neonate X‐ray phantom for 2D imaging applications using single‐tone inkjet printing.
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| Title: | Development of a neonate X‐ray phantom for 2D imaging applications using single‐tone inkjet printing. |
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| Authors: | Cruz‐Bastida, Juan P.1 (AUTHOR) cruzbastida@uchicago.edu, Marshall, Emily L.1 (AUTHOR), Reiser, Nikolaj1 (AUTHOR), George, Jonathan2 (AUTHOR), Pearson, Erik A.2 (AUTHOR), Feinstein, Kate A.1 (AUTHOR), Al‐Hallaq, Hania A.2 (AUTHOR), Burton, Christiane S.3 (AUTHOR), Beaulieu, Danielle3 (AUTHOR), MacDougall, Robert D.3 (AUTHOR), Reiser, Ingrid1 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Medical Physics. Sep2021, Vol. 48 Issue 9, p4944-4954. 11p. |
| Subjects: | Ink-jet printers, Ink, Newborn infants, Transfer functions, X-rays, Spatial resolution, Human anatomical models |
| Abstract: | Purpose: Inkjet printers can be used to fabricate anthropomorphic phantoms by the use of iodine‐doped ink. However, challenges persist in implementing this technique. The calibration from grayscale to ink density is complex and time‐consuming. The purpose of this work is to develop a printing methodology that requires a simpler calibration and is less dependent on printer characteristics to produce the desired range of x‐ray attenuation values. Methods: Conventional grayscale printing was substituted by single‐tone printing; that is, the superposition of pure black layers of iodinated ink. Printing was performed with a consumer‐grade inkjet printer using ink made of potassium‐iodide (KI) dissolved in water at 1 g/ml. A calibration for the attenuation of ink was measured using a commercial x‐ray system at 70 kVp. A neonate radiograph obtained at 70 kVp served as an anatomical model. The attenuation map of the neonate radiograph was processed into a series of single‐tone images. Single‐tone images were printed, stacked, and imaged at 70 kVp. The phantom was evaluated by comparing attenuation values between the printed phantom and the original radiograph; attenuation maps were compared using the structural similarity index measure (SSIM), while attenuation histograms were compared using the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence. A region of interest (ROI)‐based analysis was also performed, where the attenuation distribution within given ROIs was compared between phantom and patient. The phantom sharpness was evaluated in terms of modulation transfer function (MTF) estimates and signal spread profiles of high spatial resolution features in the image. Results: The printed phantom required 36 pages. The printing queue was automated and it took about 2 h to print the phantom. The radiograph of the printed phantom demonstrated a close resemblance to the original neonate radiograph. The SSIM of the phantom with respect to that of the patient was 0.53. Both patient and phantom attenuation histograms followed similar distributions, and the KL divergence between such histograms was 0.20. The ROI‐based analysis showed that the largest deviations from patient attenuation values were observed at the higher and lower ends of the attenuation range. The limiting resolution of the proposed methodology was about 1 mm. Conclusion: A methodology to generate a neonate phantom for 2D imaging applications, using single‐tone printing, was developed. This method only requires a single‐value calibration and required less than 2 h to print a complete phantom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Medical Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Development of a neonate X‐ray phantom for 2D imaging applications using single‐tone inkjet printing. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cruz‐Bastida%2C+Juan+P%2E%22">Cruz‐Bastida, Juan P.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> cruzbastida@uchicago.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Marshall%2C+Emily+L%2E%22">Marshall, Emily L.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Reiser%2C+Nikolaj%22">Reiser, Nikolaj</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22George%2C+Jonathan%22">George, Jonathan</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pearson%2C+Erik+A%2E%22">Pearson, Erik A.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Feinstein%2C+Kate+A%2E%22">Feinstein, Kate A.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Al‐Hallaq%2C+Hania+A%2E%22">Al‐Hallaq, Hania A.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Burton%2C+Christiane+S%2E%22">Burton, Christiane S.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Beaulieu%2C+Danielle%22">Beaulieu, Danielle</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22MacDougall%2C+Robert+D%2E%22">MacDougall, Robert D.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Reiser%2C+Ingrid%22">Reiser, Ingrid</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Medical+Physics%22">Medical Physics</searchLink>. Sep2021, Vol. 48 Issue 9, p4944-4954. 11p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ink-jet+printers%22">Ink-jet printers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ink%22">Ink</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Newborn+infants%22">Newborn infants</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Transfer+functions%22">Transfer functions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22X-rays%22">X-rays</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Spatial+resolution%22">Spatial resolution</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Human+anatomical+models%22">Human anatomical models</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Purpose: Inkjet printers can be used to fabricate anthropomorphic phantoms by the use of iodine‐doped ink. However, challenges persist in implementing this technique. The calibration from grayscale to ink density is complex and time‐consuming. The purpose of this work is to develop a printing methodology that requires a simpler calibration and is less dependent on printer characteristics to produce the desired range of x‐ray attenuation values. Methods: Conventional grayscale printing was substituted by single‐tone printing; that is, the superposition of pure black layers of iodinated ink. Printing was performed with a consumer‐grade inkjet printer using ink made of potassium‐iodide (KI) dissolved in water at 1 g/ml. A calibration for the attenuation of ink was measured using a commercial x‐ray system at 70 kVp. A neonate radiograph obtained at 70 kVp served as an anatomical model. The attenuation map of the neonate radiograph was processed into a series of single‐tone images. Single‐tone images were printed, stacked, and imaged at 70 kVp. The phantom was evaluated by comparing attenuation values between the printed phantom and the original radiograph; attenuation maps were compared using the structural similarity index measure (SSIM), while attenuation histograms were compared using the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence. A region of interest (ROI)‐based analysis was also performed, where the attenuation distribution within given ROIs was compared between phantom and patient. The phantom sharpness was evaluated in terms of modulation transfer function (MTF) estimates and signal spread profiles of high spatial resolution features in the image. Results: The printed phantom required 36 pages. The printing queue was automated and it took about 2 h to print the phantom. The radiograph of the printed phantom demonstrated a close resemblance to the original neonate radiograph. The SSIM of the phantom with respect to that of the patient was 0.53. Both patient and phantom attenuation histograms followed similar distributions, and the KL divergence between such histograms was 0.20. The ROI‐based analysis showed that the largest deviations from patient attenuation values were observed at the higher and lower ends of the attenuation range. The limiting resolution of the proposed methodology was about 1 mm. Conclusion: A methodology to generate a neonate phantom for 2D imaging applications, using single‐tone printing, was developed. This method only requires a single‐value calibration and required less than 2 h to print a complete phantom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Medical Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1002/mp.15086 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 11 StartPage: 4944 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Ink-jet printers Type: general – SubjectFull: Ink Type: general – SubjectFull: Newborn infants Type: general – SubjectFull: Transfer functions Type: general – SubjectFull: X-rays Type: general – SubjectFull: Spatial resolution Type: general – SubjectFull: Human anatomical models Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Development of a neonate X‐ray phantom for 2D imaging applications using single‐tone inkjet printing. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Cruz‐Bastida, Juan P. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Marshall, Emily L. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Reiser, Nikolaj – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: George, Jonathan – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Pearson, Erik A. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Feinstein, Kate A. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Al‐Hallaq, Hania A. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Burton, Christiane S. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Beaulieu, Danielle – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: MacDougall, Robert D. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Reiser, Ingrid IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 09 Text: Sep2021 Type: published Y: 2021 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 00942405 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 48 – Type: issue Value: 9 Titles: – TitleFull: Medical Physics Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
