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Force-limiting and the mechanical response of natural turfgrass used in the National Football League: A step toward the elimination of differential lower limb injury risk on synthetic turf.

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Title: Force-limiting and the mechanical response of natural turfgrass used in the National Football League: A step toward the elimination of differential lower limb injury risk on synthetic turf.
Authors: Kent, Richard1,2 (AUTHOR) rwk3c@virginia.edu, Yoder, Jared1 (AUTHOR), O'Cain, Cody M.1 (AUTHOR), Meade Spratley, E.1 (AUTHOR), Arbogast, Kristy B.3 (AUTHOR), Sorochan, John4 (AUTHOR), McNitt, Andrew5 (AUTHOR), Serensits, Tom5 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Biomechanics. Oct2021, Vol. 127, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: National Football League, Leg injuries, Bermuda grass, Synthetic sporting surfaces, Turfgrasses, Ground reaction forces (Biomechanics), Peak load, Relative motion, Football
Abstract: Lower limb injury rate in the National Football League (NFL) is greater on synthetic turf than on natural turfgrass. Foot loading in potentially injurious situations can be mitigated by damage to natural turfgrass that limits the peak load by allowing relative motion between the foot and the ground. Synthetic turf surfaces do not typically sustain such damage and thus lack such a load-limiting mechanism. To guide innovation in synthetic turf design, this paper reports 1) the peak loads of natural turfgrass when loaded by a cleated footform and 2) corridors that define the load–displacement response. Kentucky bluegrass [ Poa pratensis , L.] and two cultivars of hybrid bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers × C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy] were tested with two cleat patterns in three loading modes (anterior-posterior or AP translation, medial–lateral or ML translation, and forefoot external rotation) at two power levels (full-power, which generated potentially injurious loads, and reduced-power, which generated horizontal forces similar to non-injurious ground reaction forces applied by an elite athlete during play). All tests generated peak force<4.95 kN and torque<173 Nm, which is in a loading regime that would be expected to mitigate injury risk. In full-power tests, bermudagrass withstood significantly (p < 0.05) greater peak loads than Kentucky bluegrass: (3.86 ± 0.45 kN vs. 2.66 ± 0.23 kN in AP, 3.25 ± 0.45 kN vs. 2.49 ± 0.36 kN in ML, and 144.8 ± 12.0 Nm vs. 126.3 ± 6.1 Nm in rotation). Corridors are reported that describe the load–displacement response aggregated across all surfaces tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Biomechanics is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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  Data: Force-limiting and the mechanical response of natural turfgrass used in the National Football League: A step toward the elimination of differential lower limb injury risk on synthetic turf.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Kent%2C+Richard%22&quot;&gt;Kent, Richard&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,2&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;i&gt; rwk3c@virginia.edu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Yoder%2C+Jared%22&quot;&gt;Yoder, Jared&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22O&#39;Cain%2C+Cody+M%2E%22&quot;&gt;O&#39;Cain, Cody M.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Meade+Spratley%2C+E%2E%22&quot;&gt;Meade Spratley, E.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Arbogast%2C+Kristy+B%2E%22&quot;&gt;Arbogast, Kristy B.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Sorochan%2C+John%22&quot;&gt;Sorochan, John&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;4&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22McNitt%2C+Andrew%22&quot;&gt;McNitt, Andrew&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;5&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Serensits%2C+Tom%22&quot;&gt;Serensits, Tom&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;5&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Journal+of+Biomechanics%22&quot;&gt;Journal of Biomechanics&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Oct2021, Vol. 127, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22National+Football+League%22&quot;&gt;National Football League&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Leg+injuries%22&quot;&gt;Leg injuries&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Bermuda+grass%22&quot;&gt;Bermuda grass&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Synthetic+sporting+surfaces%22&quot;&gt;Synthetic sporting surfaces&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Turfgrasses%22&quot;&gt;Turfgrasses&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Ground+reaction+forces+%28Biomechanics%29%22&quot;&gt;Ground reaction forces (Biomechanics)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Peak+load%22&quot;&gt;Peak load&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Relative+motion%22&quot;&gt;Relative motion&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Football%22&quot;&gt;Football&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Lower limb injury rate in the National Football League (NFL) is greater on synthetic turf than on natural turfgrass. Foot loading in potentially injurious situations can be mitigated by damage to natural turfgrass that limits the peak load by allowing relative motion between the foot and the ground. Synthetic turf surfaces do not typically sustain such damage and thus lack such a load-limiting mechanism. To guide innovation in synthetic turf design, this paper reports 1) the peak loads of natural turfgrass when loaded by a cleated footform and 2) corridors that define the load–displacement response. Kentucky bluegrass [ Poa pratensis , L.] and two cultivars of hybrid bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers &#215; C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy] were tested with two cleat patterns in three loading modes (anterior-posterior or AP translation, medial–lateral or ML translation, and forefoot external rotation) at two power levels (full-power, which generated potentially injurious loads, and reduced-power, which generated horizontal forces similar to non-injurious ground reaction forces applied by an elite athlete during play). All tests generated peak force&lt;4.95 kN and torque&lt;173 Nm, which is in a loading regime that would be expected to mitigate injury risk. In full-power tests, bermudagrass withstood significantly (p &lt; 0.05) greater peak loads than Kentucky bluegrass: (3.86 &#177; 0.45 kN vs. 2.66 &#177; 0.23 kN in AP, 3.25 &#177; 0.45 kN vs. 2.49 &#177; 0.36 kN in ML, and 144.8 &#177; 12.0 Nm vs. 126.3 &#177; 6.1 Nm in rotation). Corridors are reported that describe the load–displacement response aggregated across all surfaces tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Journal of Biomechanics is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110670
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: National Football League
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Leg injuries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bermuda grass
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Synthetic sporting surfaces
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Turfgrasses
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ground reaction forces (Biomechanics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Peak load
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Relative motion
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Football
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Force-limiting and the mechanical response of natural turfgrass used in the National Football League: A step toward the elimination of differential lower limb injury risk on synthetic turf.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Kent, Richard
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            NameFull: Yoder, Jared
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            NameFull: O'Cain, Cody M.
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            NameFull: Meade Spratley, E.
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            NameFull: Arbogast, Kristy B.
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            NameFull: Sorochan, John
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            NameFull: McNitt, Andrew
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            NameFull: Serensits, Tom
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            – D: 11
              M: 10
              Text: Oct2021
              Type: published
              Y: 2021
          Identifiers:
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              Value: 00219290
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              Value: 127
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Biomechanics
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