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Carbothermal reduction of mill scales formed on steel billets during continuous casting.

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Title: Carbothermal reduction of mill scales formed on steel billets during continuous casting.
Authors: Suarez, S. M. Espinoza1 (AUTHOR), Borja-Castro, L. E.1 (AUTHOR), Valerio-Cuadros, M. I.1,2 (AUTHOR), Domínguez, A. Bustamante1 (AUTHOR), Cabrera-Tinoco, H. A.1,3 (AUTHOR), Huaman, E.1 (AUTHOR), Valencia-Bedregal, R. A.1 (AUTHOR), Zhao, Xiaoli4 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Youyun4 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Deliang4 (AUTHOR), Barnes, C. H. W.5 (AUTHOR), Valladares, L. De Los Santos1,4,5 (AUTHOR) ld301@cam.ac.uk
Source: Hyperfine Interactions. 11/15/2021, Vol. 242 Issue 1, p1-12. 12p.
Subjects: Continuous casting, Magnetite, Iron oxides, Cementite, Steel, Mössbauer spectroscopy
Abstract: A billet is a bar made from crude steel which surface contains scales which are rich in iron oxides. This study presents the carbothermal reduction of the scales formed in steel billets. The process included the reaction of the iron oxides contents with carbon (in ratio 5:1) and annealing in a tubular furnace under argon atmosphere. The occurred reactions are discussed using thermodynamic calculations and thermal analysis which indicate a three-stage reduction process Fe3O4 ➔ FeO ➔ Fe3C ➔α-Fe with intermediate reactions at the interval temperature 960 and 1300 °C. The X-ray diffraction confirms the reduction to α-Fe with minor presence of unreacted C, magnetite and wustite. Mössbauer spectroscopy analysis was performed at room temperature where a typical sextet corresponding to the dominant α-Fe is shown as well as wustite, magnetite and cementite to a lesser extent. The magnetization measurements confirm the ferromagnetic state corresponding to the α-Fe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Hyperfine Interactions is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Carbothermal reduction of mill scales formed on steel billets during continuous casting.
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  Data: A billet is a bar made from crude steel which surface contains scales which are rich in iron oxides. This study presents the carbothermal reduction of the scales formed in steel billets. The process included the reaction of the iron oxides contents with carbon (in ratio 5:1) and annealing in a tubular furnace under argon atmosphere. The occurred reactions are discussed using thermodynamic calculations and thermal analysis which indicate a three-stage reduction process Fe3O4 ➔ FeO ➔ Fe3C ➔α-Fe with intermediate reactions at the interval temperature 960 and 1300 °C. The X-ray diffraction confirms the reduction to α-Fe with minor presence of unreacted C, magnetite and wustite. Mössbauer spectroscopy analysis was performed at room temperature where a typical sextet corresponding to the dominant α-Fe is shown as well as wustite, magnetite and cementite to a lesser extent. The magnetization measurements confirm the ferromagnetic state corresponding to the α-Fe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Hyperfine Interactions is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – SubjectFull: Magnetite
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