Red mud valorization an industrial waste circular economy challenge; review over processes and their chemistry.
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| Title: | Red mud valorization an industrial waste circular economy challenge; review over processes and their chemistry. |
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| Authors: | Swain, Basudev1 (AUTHOR), Akcil, Ata2 (AUTHOR), Lee, Jae-chun3,4 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Critical Reviews in Environmental Science & Technology. 2022, Vol. 52 Issue 4, p520-570. 51p. |
| Subjects: | Rare earth metals, Mud, Cost effectiveness, Industrial wastes |
| Abstract: | Significantly unexploited red mud contains 0.5–1.7 kg/ton of rare earth metals (REMs) and 14–45% Fe, 5–14% Al, 1–9% Si, 1–6% Na, and 2–12% Ti which is currently being stockpiled. Reasonably, the red mud can be a suitable secondary resource of REMs, and other valuable metals, if not for the contained base metals. Stockpiled red mud locks down these technologically important and supply chain critical metals. Though quantitatively minor, the value perspective of REMs in red mud is significant. Global red mud inventory could reach 4 billion tons by 2020 and being generated 120–150 million tons per year worldwide. Analysis indicated that industrial-scale valorization could unlock approximately $4.3 trillion worth of REMs from stockpiled red mud. The current review discusses the valorization of red mud through metal value recovery which is an industrial waste circular economy challenge. Unlike other reported reviews, the current review intensively discusses circular economy challenges and opportunities associated with the red mud valorization. Finally, a suitable conceptual sequential metal recovery process has been proposed based on a comprehensive review of various processes which can technically be a feasible process for sequential recovery of various metal values from the red mud. Comprehensive cutting-edge research, broader risk assessment, and cost and benefit analysis of the proposed process can ensure broader valorization. Broader valorization can address several issues through the proposed process like; (i) metal value recovery, (ii) REMs circular economy, (iii) closed-loop process with the industry, and (iv) lower the futuristic carbon economy, simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Critical Reviews in Environmental Science & Technology is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
| FullText | Text: Availability: 0 |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 154569430 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Red mud valorization an industrial waste circular economy challenge; review over processes and their chemistry. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Swain%2C+Basudev%22">Swain, Basudev</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Akcil%2C+Ata%22">Akcil, Ata</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lee%2C+Jae-chun%22">Lee, Jae-chun</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Critical+Reviews+in+Environmental+Science+%26+Technology%22">Critical Reviews in Environmental Science & Technology</searchLink>. 2022, Vol. 52 Issue 4, p520-570. 51p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rare+earth+metals%22">Rare earth metals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mud%22">Mud</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cost+effectiveness%22">Cost effectiveness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Industrial+wastes%22">Industrial wastes</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Significantly unexploited red mud contains 0.5–1.7 kg/ton of rare earth metals (REMs) and 14–45% Fe, 5–14% Al, 1–9% Si, 1–6% Na, and 2–12% Ti which is currently being stockpiled. Reasonably, the red mud can be a suitable secondary resource of REMs, and other valuable metals, if not for the contained base metals. Stockpiled red mud locks down these technologically important and supply chain critical metals. Though quantitatively minor, the value perspective of REMs in red mud is significant. Global red mud inventory could reach 4 billion tons by 2020 and being generated 120–150 million tons per year worldwide. Analysis indicated that industrial-scale valorization could unlock approximately $4.3 trillion worth of REMs from stockpiled red mud. The current review discusses the valorization of red mud through metal value recovery which is an industrial waste circular economy challenge. Unlike other reported reviews, the current review intensively discusses circular economy challenges and opportunities associated with the red mud valorization. Finally, a suitable conceptual sequential metal recovery process has been proposed based on a comprehensive review of various processes which can technically be a feasible process for sequential recovery of various metal values from the red mud. Comprehensive cutting-edge research, broader risk assessment, and cost and benefit analysis of the proposed process can ensure broader valorization. Broader valorization can address several issues through the proposed process like; (i) metal value recovery, (ii) REMs circular economy, (iii) closed-loop process with the industry, and (iv) lower the futuristic carbon economy, simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Critical Reviews in Environmental Science & Technology is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1080/10643389.2020.1829898 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 51 StartPage: 520 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Rare earth metals Type: general – SubjectFull: Mud Type: general – SubjectFull: Cost effectiveness Type: general – SubjectFull: Industrial wastes Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Red mud valorization an industrial waste circular economy challenge; review over processes and their chemistry. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Swain, Basudev – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Akcil, Ata – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Lee, Jae-chun IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 15 M: 02 Text: 2022 Type: published Y: 2022 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 10643389 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 52 – Type: issue Value: 4 Titles: – TitleFull: Critical Reviews in Environmental Science & Technology Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
