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Engineering Reflective Metasurfaces With Ising Hamiltonian and Quantum Annealing.

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Title: Engineering Reflective Metasurfaces With Ising Hamiltonian and Quantum Annealing.
Authors: Ross, Charles1 cr26@illinois.edu, Gradoni, Gabriele2 gabriele.gradoni@nottingham.ac.uk, Lim, Qi Jian1 qjlim2@illinois.edu, Peng, Zhen1 zvpeng@illinois.edu
Source: IEEE Transactions on Antennas & Propagation. Apr2022, Vol. 70 Issue 4, p2841-2854. 14p.
Subjects: Quantum annealing, Radar cross sections, Ising model, Phase modulation, Plane wavefronts
Abstract: We present a novel and flexible method to optimize the phase response of reflective metasurfaces (MSs) toward the desired scattering profile. The scattering power is expressed as a spin-chain Hamiltonian using the radar cross section (RCS) formalism. For MSs reflecting an oblique plane wave, an Ising Hamiltonian is obtained. Thereby, the problem of achieving the scattering profile is recast into finding the ground-state solution of the associated Ising Hamiltonian. To rapidly explore the configuration states, we encode the Ising coefficients with quantum annealing (QA) algorithms, taking advantage of the fact that the adiabatic evolution efficiently performs energy minimization in the Ising model. Finally, the optimization problem is solved on the D-Wave 2048-qubit quantum adiabatic optimizer machine for binary phase as well as quadriphase reflective MSs. Even though the work is focused on the phase modulation of MSs, we believe this approach paves the way to fast optimization of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) that are modulated in both amplitude and phase for multi-beam generation in and beyond 5G/6G mobile networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of IEEE Transactions on Antennas & Propagation is the property of IEEE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Engineering Reflective Metasurfaces With Ising Hamiltonian and Quantum Annealing.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ross%2C+Charles%22">Ross, Charles</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> cr26@illinois.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gradoni%2C+Gabriele%22">Gradoni, Gabriele</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><i> gabriele.gradoni@nottingham.ac.uk</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lim%2C+Qi+Jian%22">Lim, Qi Jian</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> qjlim2@illinois.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Peng%2C+Zhen%22">Peng, Zhen</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> zvpeng@illinois.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22IEEE+Transactions+on+Antennas+%26+Propagation%22">IEEE Transactions on Antennas & Propagation</searchLink>. Apr2022, Vol. 70 Issue 4, p2841-2854. 14p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Quantum+annealing%22">Quantum annealing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Radar+cross+sections%22">Radar cross sections</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ising+model%22">Ising model</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phase+modulation%22">Phase modulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Plane+wavefronts%22">Plane wavefronts</searchLink>
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  Data: We present a novel and flexible method to optimize the phase response of reflective metasurfaces (MSs) toward the desired scattering profile. The scattering power is expressed as a spin-chain Hamiltonian using the radar cross section (RCS) formalism. For MSs reflecting an oblique plane wave, an Ising Hamiltonian is obtained. Thereby, the problem of achieving the scattering profile is recast into finding the ground-state solution of the associated Ising Hamiltonian. To rapidly explore the configuration states, we encode the Ising coefficients with quantum annealing (QA) algorithms, taking advantage of the fact that the adiabatic evolution efficiently performs energy minimization in the Ising model. Finally, the optimization problem is solved on the D-Wave 2048-qubit quantum adiabatic optimizer machine for binary phase as well as quadriphase reflective MSs. Even though the work is focused on the phase modulation of MSs, we believe this approach paves the way to fast optimization of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) that are modulated in both amplitude and phase for multi-beam generation in and beyond 5G/6G mobile networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of IEEE Transactions on Antennas & Propagation is the property of IEEE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1109/TAP.2021.3137424
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 2841
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Quantum annealing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Radar cross sections
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ising model
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phase modulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Plane wavefronts
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Engineering Reflective Metasurfaces With Ising Hamiltonian and Quantum Annealing.
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            NameFull: Ross, Charles
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            NameFull: Gradoni, Gabriele
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            NameFull: Lim, Qi Jian
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            NameFull: Peng, Zhen
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            – D: 01
              M: 04
              Text: Apr2022
              Type: published
              Y: 2022
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            – TitleFull: IEEE Transactions on Antennas & Propagation
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