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Influence of Hot Water Temperature and Use Patterns on Microbial Water Quality in Building Plumbing Systems.

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Title: Influence of Hot Water Temperature and Use Patterns on Microbial Water Quality in Building Plumbing Systems.
Authors: Tolofari, Dienye L.1 (AUTHOR) dlt76@drexel.edu, Bartrand, Tim2 (AUTHOR), Masters, Sheldon V.2 (AUTHOR), Duarte Batista, Marylia3 (AUTHOR), Haas, Charles N.1 (AUTHOR), Olson, Mira1 (AUTHOR), Gurian, Patrick L.1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Environmental Engineering Science. Apr2022, Vol. 39 Issue 4, p309-319. 11p.
Subjects: Water temperature, Water quality, Water use, Hot water, Water heaters, Water chlorination, Disinfection & disinfectants
Abstract: This study examines the influence of chlorine disinfectant type, water use frequency (stagnation time), and water heater temperature on the growth and persistence of microbes, including nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), in water heater storage tanks and downstream plumbing. The experimental setup consists of four 50-gallon electric water heater tanks at two different locations that provide different types of secondary disinfectant (chloramine and free chlorine). The water heaters were operated at two different temperature settings (45°C ± 3°C and 60°C ± 3°C), and with two different use patterns (once per 24 h and three times per 24 h), which allowed for sampling at three different stagnation times: overnight, 16-h stagnation, and 3-h stagnation. Microbial analyses were conducted on water samples collected at the tank effluent and the shower head to compare the water quality in the tank before the stagnation period and in the piping downstream of the tank after the stagnation period. The results indicated that culturable NTM was not detected under any of the conditions studied in the free chlorine disinfectant system. In the chloramine system, higher water use frequency (equivalent to 180 gallons/day) and higher water heater temperature (60°C ± 3°C) decreased the number of heterotrophic bacteria in the tank and the piping downstream to the tank but failed to control NTM. For both heterotrophic plate count and NTM, the piping downstream was not more microbially active than the tank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Environmental Engineering Science is the property of Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Influence of Hot Water Temperature and Use Patterns on Microbial Water Quality in Building Plumbing Systems.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tolofari%2C+Dienye+L%2E%22">Tolofari, Dienye L.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> dlt76@drexel.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bartrand%2C+Tim%22">Bartrand, Tim</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Masters%2C+Sheldon+V%2E%22">Masters, Sheldon V.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Duarte+Batista%2C+Marylia%22">Duarte Batista, Marylia</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Haas%2C+Charles+N%2E%22">Haas, Charles N.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Olson%2C+Mira%22">Olson, Mira</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gurian%2C+Patrick+L%2E%22">Gurian, Patrick L.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Environmental+Engineering+Science%22">Environmental Engineering Science</searchLink>. Apr2022, Vol. 39 Issue 4, p309-319. 11p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+temperature%22">Water temperature</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+quality%22">Water quality</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+use%22">Water use</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hot+water%22">Hot water</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+heaters%22">Water heaters</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+chlorination%22">Water chlorination</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Disinfection+%26+disinfectants%22">Disinfection & disinfectants</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study examines the influence of chlorine disinfectant type, water use frequency (stagnation time), and water heater temperature on the growth and persistence of microbes, including nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), in water heater storage tanks and downstream plumbing. The experimental setup consists of four 50-gallon electric water heater tanks at two different locations that provide different types of secondary disinfectant (chloramine and free chlorine). The water heaters were operated at two different temperature settings (45°C ± 3°C and 60°C ± 3°C), and with two different use patterns (once per 24 h and three times per 24 h), which allowed for sampling at three different stagnation times: overnight, 16-h stagnation, and 3-h stagnation. Microbial analyses were conducted on water samples collected at the tank effluent and the shower head to compare the water quality in the tank before the stagnation period and in the piping downstream of the tank after the stagnation period. The results indicated that culturable NTM was not detected under any of the conditions studied in the free chlorine disinfectant system. In the chloramine system, higher water use frequency (equivalent to 180 gallons/day) and higher water heater temperature (60°C ± 3°C) decreased the number of heterotrophic bacteria in the tank and the piping downstream to the tank but failed to control NTM. For both heterotrophic plate count and NTM, the piping downstream was not more microbially active than the tank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Environmental Engineering Science is the property of Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1089/ees.2021.0272
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 11
        StartPage: 309
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      – SubjectFull: Water temperature
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water quality
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      – SubjectFull: Water use
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hot water
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water heaters
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      – SubjectFull: Water chlorination
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      – SubjectFull: Disinfection & disinfectants
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Influence of Hot Water Temperature and Use Patterns on Microbial Water Quality in Building Plumbing Systems.
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              Text: Apr2022
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              Y: 2022
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