Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review.
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| Title: | Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review. |
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| Authors: | Mandari, Venkatesh1 (AUTHOR), Devarai, Santhosh Kumar1 (AUTHOR) devarai@che.iith.ac.in |
| Source: | BioEnergy Research. Jun2022, Vol. 15 Issue 2, p935-961. 27p. |
| Subjects: | Catalysts, Vegetable oils, Petroleum reserves, Heterogeneous catalysis, Transesterification, Heterogeneous catalysts, Lipases |
| Abstract: | The excessive utilization of petroleum resources leads to global warming, crude oil price fluctuations, and the fast depletion of petroleum reserves. Biodiesel has gained importance over the last few years as a clean, sustainable, and renewable energy source. This review provides knowledge of biodiesel production via transesterification/esterification using different catalysts, their prospects, and their challenges. The intensive research on homogeneous chemical catalysts points to the challenges in using high free fatty acids containing oils, such as waste cooking oils and animal fats. The problems faced are soap formation and the difficulty in product separation. On the other hand, heterogeneous catalysts are more preferable in biodiesel synthesis due to their ease of separation and reusability. However, in-depth studies show the limited activity and selectivity issues. Using biomass waste-based catalysts can reduce the biodiesel production cost as the materials are readily available and cheap. The use of an enzymatic approach has gained precedence in recent times. Additionally, immobilization of these enzymes has also improved the statistics because of their excellent functional properties like easy separation and reusability. However, free/liquid lipases are also growing faster due to better mass transfer with reactants. Biocatalysts are exceptional in good selectivity and mild operational conditions, but attractive features are veiled with the operational costs. Nanocatalysts play a vital role in heterogeneous catalysis and lipase immobilization due to their excellent selectivity, reactivity, faster reaction rates owing to their higher surface area, and easy recovery from the products and reuse for several cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of BioEnergy Research is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 157528113 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mandari%2C+Venkatesh%22">Mandari, Venkatesh</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Devarai%2C+Santhosh+Kumar%22">Devarai, Santhosh Kumar</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> devarai@che.iith.ac.in</i> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22BioEnergy+Research%22">BioEnergy Research</searchLink>. Jun2022, Vol. 15 Issue 2, p935-961. 27p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Catalysts%22">Catalysts</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vegetable+oils%22">Vegetable oils</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Petroleum+reserves%22">Petroleum reserves</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heterogeneous+catalysis%22">Heterogeneous catalysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Transesterification%22">Transesterification</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heterogeneous+catalysts%22">Heterogeneous catalysts</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lipases%22">Lipases</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: The excessive utilization of petroleum resources leads to global warming, crude oil price fluctuations, and the fast depletion of petroleum reserves. Biodiesel has gained importance over the last few years as a clean, sustainable, and renewable energy source. This review provides knowledge of biodiesel production via transesterification/esterification using different catalysts, their prospects, and their challenges. The intensive research on homogeneous chemical catalysts points to the challenges in using high free fatty acids containing oils, such as waste cooking oils and animal fats. The problems faced are soap formation and the difficulty in product separation. On the other hand, heterogeneous catalysts are more preferable in biodiesel synthesis due to their ease of separation and reusability. However, in-depth studies show the limited activity and selectivity issues. Using biomass waste-based catalysts can reduce the biodiesel production cost as the materials are readily available and cheap. The use of an enzymatic approach has gained precedence in recent times. Additionally, immobilization of these enzymes has also improved the statistics because of their excellent functional properties like easy separation and reusability. However, free/liquid lipases are also growing faster due to better mass transfer with reactants. Biocatalysts are exceptional in good selectivity and mild operational conditions, but attractive features are veiled with the operational costs. Nanocatalysts play a vital role in heterogeneous catalysis and lipase immobilization due to their excellent selectivity, reactivity, faster reaction rates owing to their higher surface area, and easy recovery from the products and reuse for several cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of BioEnergy Research is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1007/s12155-021-10333-w Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 27 StartPage: 935 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Catalysts Type: general – SubjectFull: Vegetable oils Type: general – SubjectFull: Petroleum reserves Type: general – SubjectFull: Heterogeneous catalysis Type: general – SubjectFull: Transesterification Type: general – SubjectFull: Heterogeneous catalysts Type: general – SubjectFull: Lipases Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Mandari, Venkatesh – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Devarai, Santhosh Kumar IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 06 Text: Jun2022 Type: published Y: 2022 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 19391234 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 15 – Type: issue Value: 2 Titles: – TitleFull: BioEnergy Research Type: main |
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