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Optimisation of Trailing Edge Flaps on the Base Cavity of a Vehicle for Improved Performance at Yaw.

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Title: Optimisation of Trailing Edge Flaps on the Base Cavity of a Vehicle for Improved Performance at Yaw.
Authors: Urquhart, Magnus1 (AUTHOR) magnus.urquhart@volvocars.com, Sebben, Simone1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Flow, Turbulence & Combustion. Aug2022, Vol. 109 Issue 2, p309-326. 18p.
Subjects: Flaps (Airplanes), Greenhouse gas mitigation, Drag (Aerodynamics), Sport utility vehicles, Wind tunnels
Abstract: Regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of passenger vehicles are becoming increasingly stringent. The aerodynamic drag is a major contributor to the vehicle's total energy consumption where a large portion is attributed to the base wake. This paper optimises the angles of small trailing edge flaps on a base cavity of a full-scale sports utility vehicle placed in a wind tunnel. The trailing edge flaps are controlled using servos mounted inside the cavity. The flap angles are optimised using a surrogate model based optimisation algorithm with the objective of reducing the aerodynamic drag at different yaw angles and to create a yaw-insensitive geometry by considering several weighted yaw angles to form the driving cycle averaged drag. Low drag designs are further investigated using base pressures and wake measurements. The results show that the base pressures are symmetrised by reducing the crossflow in the wake. As the model is yawed the wake becomes increasingly downwash dominated by a large rotating windward structure which is reduced by the optimised flaps. The cycle averaged drag optimised design has a smaller increase in drag when yawed compared to a design optimised without considering yaw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Flow, Turbulence & Combustion is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: Optimisation of Trailing Edge Flaps on the Base Cavity of a Vehicle for Improved Performance at Yaw.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Urquhart%2C+Magnus%22">Urquhart, Magnus</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> magnus.urquhart@volvocars.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sebben%2C+Simone%22">Sebben, Simone</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Flow%2C+Turbulence+%26+Combustion%22">Flow, Turbulence & Combustion</searchLink>. Aug2022, Vol. 109 Issue 2, p309-326. 18p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flaps+%28Airplanes%29%22">Flaps (Airplanes)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Greenhouse+gas+mitigation%22">Greenhouse gas mitigation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Drag+%28Aerodynamics%29%22">Drag (Aerodynamics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sport+utility+vehicles%22">Sport utility vehicles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wind+tunnels%22">Wind tunnels</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of passenger vehicles are becoming increasingly stringent. The aerodynamic drag is a major contributor to the vehicle's total energy consumption where a large portion is attributed to the base wake. This paper optimises the angles of small trailing edge flaps on a base cavity of a full-scale sports utility vehicle placed in a wind tunnel. The trailing edge flaps are controlled using servos mounted inside the cavity. The flap angles are optimised using a surrogate model based optimisation algorithm with the objective of reducing the aerodynamic drag at different yaw angles and to create a yaw-insensitive geometry by considering several weighted yaw angles to form the driving cycle averaged drag. Low drag designs are further investigated using base pressures and wake measurements. The results show that the base pressures are symmetrised by reducing the crossflow in the wake. As the model is yawed the wake becomes increasingly downwash dominated by a large rotating windward structure which is reduced by the optimised flaps. The cycle averaged drag optimised design has a smaller increase in drag when yawed compared to a design optimised without considering yaw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Flow, Turbulence & Combustion is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s10494-022-00323-z
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 18
        StartPage: 309
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Flaps (Airplanes)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Greenhouse gas mitigation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Drag (Aerodynamics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sport utility vehicles
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wind tunnels
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Optimisation of Trailing Edge Flaps on the Base Cavity of a Vehicle for Improved Performance at Yaw.
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            NameFull: Urquhart, Magnus
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            NameFull: Sebben, Simone
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            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Text: Aug2022
              Type: published
              Y: 2022
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