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The Mean Kinematic Structure of the Tropical Cyclone Boundary Layer and Its Relationship to Intensity Change.

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Title: The Mean Kinematic Structure of the Tropical Cyclone Boundary Layer and Its Relationship to Intensity Change.
Authors: Zhang, Jun A.1,2 (AUTHOR) jun.zhang@noaa.gov, Rogers, Robert F.1 (AUTHOR), Reasor, Paul D.1 (AUTHOR), Gamache, John1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Monthly Weather Review. Jan2023, Vol. 151 Issue 1, p63-84. 22p. 1 Color Photograph, 2 Diagrams, 2 Charts, 7 Graphs, 5 Maps.
Subjects: British Library, Boundary layer (Aerodynamics), Tropical cyclones, Storms, Doppler radar, Radar in aeronautics, Vertical drafts (Meteorology)
Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between the azimuthally averaged kinematic structure of the tropical cyclone boundary layer (TCBL) and storm intensity, intensity change, and vortex structure above the BL. These relationships are explored using composites of airborne Doppler radar vertical profiles, which have a higher vertical resolution than typically used three-dimensional analyses and, therefore, better capture TCBL structure. Results show that the BL height, defined by the depth of the inflow layer, is greater in weak storms than in strong storms. The inflow layer outside the radius of maximum tangential wind speed (RMW) is deeper in intensifying storms than in nonintensifying storms at an early stage. The peak BL convergence inside the RMW is larger in intensifying storms than in nonintensifying storms. Updrafts originating from the TCBL are concentrated near the RMW for intensifying TCs, while updrafts span a large radial range outside the RMW for nonintensifying TCs. In terms of vortex structure above the BL, storms with a quickly decaying radial profile of tangential wind outside the RMW ("narrow" vortices) tend to have a deeper inflow layer outside the RMW, stronger inflow near the RMW, deeper and more concentrated strong updrafts close to the RMW, and weaker inflow in the outer core region than those with a slowly decaying tangential wind profile ("broad" vortices). The narrow TCs also tend to intensify faster than broad TCs, suggesting that a key relationship exists among vortex shape, the BL kinematic structure, and TC intensity change. This relationship is further explored by comparisons of absolute angular momentum budget terms for each vortex shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Monthly Weather Review is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: The Mean Kinematic Structure of the Tropical Cyclone Boundary Layer and Its Relationship to Intensity Change.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Monthly+Weather+Review%22">Monthly Weather Review</searchLink>. Jan2023, Vol. 151 Issue 1, p63-84. 22p. 1 Color Photograph, 2 Diagrams, 2 Charts, 7 Graphs, 5 Maps.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22British+Library%22">British Library</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Boundary+layer+%28Aerodynamics%29%22">Boundary layer (Aerodynamics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tropical+cyclones%22">Tropical cyclones</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Storms%22">Storms</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Doppler+radar%22">Doppler radar</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Radar+in+aeronautics%22">Radar in aeronautics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vertical+drafts+%28Meteorology%29%22">Vertical drafts (Meteorology)</searchLink>
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  Data: This study investigates the relationship between the azimuthally averaged kinematic structure of the tropical cyclone boundary layer (TCBL) and storm intensity, intensity change, and vortex structure above the BL. These relationships are explored using composites of airborne Doppler radar vertical profiles, which have a higher vertical resolution than typically used three-dimensional analyses and, therefore, better capture TCBL structure. Results show that the BL height, defined by the depth of the inflow layer, is greater in weak storms than in strong storms. The inflow layer outside the radius of maximum tangential wind speed (RMW) is deeper in intensifying storms than in nonintensifying storms at an early stage. The peak BL convergence inside the RMW is larger in intensifying storms than in nonintensifying storms. Updrafts originating from the TCBL are concentrated near the RMW for intensifying TCs, while updrafts span a large radial range outside the RMW for nonintensifying TCs. In terms of vortex structure above the BL, storms with a quickly decaying radial profile of tangential wind outside the RMW ("narrow" vortices) tend to have a deeper inflow layer outside the RMW, stronger inflow near the RMW, deeper and more concentrated strong updrafts close to the RMW, and weaker inflow in the outer core region than those with a slowly decaying tangential wind profile ("broad" vortices). The narrow TCs also tend to intensify faster than broad TCs, suggesting that a key relationship exists among vortex shape, the BL kinematic structure, and TC intensity change. This relationship is further explored by comparisons of absolute angular momentum budget terms for each vortex shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Monthly Weather Review is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1175/MWR-D-21-0335.1
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Boundary layer (Aerodynamics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tropical cyclones
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Storms
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Doppler radar
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Radar in aeronautics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Vertical drafts (Meteorology)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: The Mean Kinematic Structure of the Tropical Cyclone Boundary Layer and Its Relationship to Intensity Change.
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              M: 01
              Text: Jan2023
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              Y: 2023
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