Exposure Risks and Potential Control Measures for a Fire Behavior Lab Training Structure: Part A—Fire Dynamics and Thermal Risk.
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| Title: | Exposure Risks and Potential Control Measures for a Fire Behavior Lab Training Structure: Part A—Fire Dynamics and Thermal Risk. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Stakes, Keith1 (AUTHOR) keith.stakes@ul.org, Willi, Joseph M.1 (AUTHOR) joseph.willi@ul.org, Chaffer, Ryan1 (AUTHOR), Madrzykowski, Daniel1 (AUTHOR), Horn, Gavin P.1 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Fire Technology. Jul2023, Vol. 59 Issue 4, p2089-2125. 37p. |
| Subjects: | National Fire Protection Association, Firefighting, Particle board, Wood products, Risk exposure, Personal protective equipment, Wood density |
| Abstract: | National Fire Protection Association standard 1403 provides the fire service with guidance for conducting effective live fire training with the goal of minimizing health and safety hazards. The document provides guidelines for materials to be included in the training fuel package, but the fire service has raised questions about the use of specific types of wood products for this purpose. In this study, the fire dynamics generated when utilizing five different Class A materials that have been historically employed as training fuels [low density wood fiberboard, oriented strand board (OSB), pallets, particle board, plywood] in a single compartment fire training structure (Fire Behavior Lab) were characterized. A specific focus was placed on understanding the thermal and visual environment created for firefighters located at typical locations for instructors (front and rear of structure) and students (middle of the structure). The pallet fuel package required the longest time to transition through the six ventilation cycles while the OSB fuel package was the quickest. Additionally, the most consistent fire dynamics were demonstrated with the OSB fuel followed by particle board and plywood, while fiberboard and pallets resulted in less repeatable flashover or rollover demonstration. The OSB fuel package resulted in the highest peak heat fluxes and pallets resulted in the lowest. The most severe exposures were measured at the front instructor location. To control thermal risks when conducting training in the Fire Behavior Lab structure, instructors and students should orient themselves as low as possible in the observation area and behind the interior baffle when possible. Considering the high radiant exposures for the front instructor location, providing a local shield and reducing the time in the training structure can also reduce risk for thermal injury or personal protective equipment damage. Overall, different fuels can impact thermal exposures to firefighters, but varying fuels also affects the consistency of the fire dynamics being presented to the firefighting students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Fire Technology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 164609477 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Exposure Risks and Potential Control Measures for a Fire Behavior Lab Training Structure: Part A—Fire Dynamics and Thermal Risk. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stakes%2C+Keith%22">Stakes, Keith</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> keith.stakes@ul.org</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Willi%2C+Joseph+M%2E%22">Willi, Joseph M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> joseph.willi@ul.org</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chaffer%2C+Ryan%22">Chaffer, Ryan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Madrzykowski%2C+Daniel%22">Madrzykowski, Daniel</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Horn%2C+Gavin+P%2E%22">Horn, Gavin P.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Fire+Technology%22">Fire Technology</searchLink>. Jul2023, Vol. 59 Issue 4, p2089-2125. 37p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22National+Fire+Protection+Association%22">National Fire Protection Association</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Firefighting%22">Firefighting</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Particle+board%22">Particle board</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wood+products%22">Wood products</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Risk+exposure%22">Risk exposure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Personal+protective+equipment%22">Personal protective equipment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wood+density%22">Wood density</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: National Fire Protection Association standard 1403 provides the fire service with guidance for conducting effective live fire training with the goal of minimizing health and safety hazards. The document provides guidelines for materials to be included in the training fuel package, but the fire service has raised questions about the use of specific types of wood products for this purpose. In this study, the fire dynamics generated when utilizing five different Class A materials that have been historically employed as training fuels [low density wood fiberboard, oriented strand board (OSB), pallets, particle board, plywood] in a single compartment fire training structure (Fire Behavior Lab) were characterized. A specific focus was placed on understanding the thermal and visual environment created for firefighters located at typical locations for instructors (front and rear of structure) and students (middle of the structure). The pallet fuel package required the longest time to transition through the six ventilation cycles while the OSB fuel package was the quickest. Additionally, the most consistent fire dynamics were demonstrated with the OSB fuel followed by particle board and plywood, while fiberboard and pallets resulted in less repeatable flashover or rollover demonstration. The OSB fuel package resulted in the highest peak heat fluxes and pallets resulted in the lowest. The most severe exposures were measured at the front instructor location. To control thermal risks when conducting training in the Fire Behavior Lab structure, instructors and students should orient themselves as low as possible in the observation area and behind the interior baffle when possible. Considering the high radiant exposures for the front instructor location, providing a local shield and reducing the time in the training structure can also reduce risk for thermal injury or personal protective equipment damage. Overall, different fuels can impact thermal exposures to firefighters, but varying fuels also affects the consistency of the fire dynamics being presented to the firefighting students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Fire Technology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1007/s10694-023-01414-7 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 37 StartPage: 2089 Subjects: – SubjectFull: National Fire Protection Association Type: general – SubjectFull: Firefighting Type: general – SubjectFull: Particle board Type: general – SubjectFull: Wood products Type: general – SubjectFull: Risk exposure Type: general – SubjectFull: Personal protective equipment Type: general – SubjectFull: Wood density Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Exposure Risks and Potential Control Measures for a Fire Behavior Lab Training Structure: Part A—Fire Dynamics and Thermal Risk. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Stakes, Keith – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Willi, Joseph M. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Chaffer, Ryan – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Madrzykowski, Daniel – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Horn, Gavin P. IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 07 Text: Jul2023 Type: published Y: 2023 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 00152684 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 59 – Type: issue Value: 4 Titles: – TitleFull: Fire Technology Type: main |
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