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Behavior of the solar coronal holes around the maximum activity of the cycle 24.

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Title: Behavior of the solar coronal holes around the maximum activity of the cycle 24.
Authors: Tajik, Zahra1 (AUTHOR) z.tajik@znu.ac.ir, Javaherian, Mohsen1,2 (AUTHOR) javaherian@maragheh.ac.ir, Daei, Farhad3 (AUTHOR) farhad.daei@helsinki.fi, Taran, Somayeh1 (AUTHOR) s.taran@znu.ac.ir, Alipour, Nasibe1 (AUTHOR) alipourrad@znu.ac.ir, Safari, Hossein1 (AUTHOR) safari@znu.ac.ir
Source: Advances in Space Research. Sep2023, Vol. 72 Issue 5, p1884-1897. 14p.
Subjects: Solar activity, Sunspots, Time series analysis, Scale-free network (Statistical physics), Solar wind, Solar corona, Eccentrics (Machinery)
Abstract: The behavior of coronal holes (CHs) as open magnetic field lines and a substrate for the high-speed exit of solar winds is an essential aspect of solar activity. This paper studies the statistical properties of CHs around the maximum activity of cycle 24 (13 May 2010 to 31 October 2017) observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly at 193 Å images. We showed that the size of CHs follows the power-law distributions indicating the scale-free behavior of CHs. The butterfly diagram of CHs demonstrates that the overall number of CHs shows a similar distribution in the two hemispheres. Large CHs with sizes ⩾ 2.57 × 10 5 arcsec2 (top 3% of observed CHs) more commonly appear at latitudes above 30 ∘ closer to the poles. We found that the largest CHs with sizes ⩾ 7.71 × 10 5 arcsec2 (top 0.03% of observed CHs) occur in the northern hemisphere. The appearance and disappearance of large CHs exhibit the asymmetrical behavior between the two hemispheres. Also, it is observed that CHs tend to have a latitudinal drift towards the poles in each hemisphere. A significant correlation between the number of sunspots and the eccentricity of equatorial CHs appeared near the solar disk center revealed that most of the CHs have elongated shapes at the maximum solar activity. In contrast, they have less abnormality during solar minimum. Applying detrended fluctuation and rescaled range analyses to the time series of CHs, we realized that the CHs have a long-term correlation and form a self-organized system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Advances in Space Research is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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  Data: Behavior of the solar coronal holes around the maximum activity of the cycle 24.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tajik%2C+Zahra%22">Tajik, Zahra</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> z.tajik@znu.ac.ir</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Javaherian%2C+Mohsen%22">Javaherian, Mohsen</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> javaherian@maragheh.ac.ir</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Daei%2C+Farhad%22">Daei, Farhad</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> farhad.daei@helsinki.fi</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Taran%2C+Somayeh%22">Taran, Somayeh</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> s.taran@znu.ac.ir</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alipour%2C+Nasibe%22">Alipour, Nasibe</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> alipourrad@znu.ac.ir</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Safari%2C+Hossein%22">Safari, Hossein</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> safari@znu.ac.ir</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Advances+in+Space+Research%22">Advances in Space Research</searchLink>. Sep2023, Vol. 72 Issue 5, p1884-1897. 14p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+activity%22">Solar activity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sunspots%22">Sunspots</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Time+series+analysis%22">Time series analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scale-free+network+%28Statistical+physics%29%22">Scale-free network (Statistical physics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+wind%22">Solar wind</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+corona%22">Solar corona</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Eccentrics+%28Machinery%29%22">Eccentrics (Machinery)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The behavior of coronal holes (CHs) as open magnetic field lines and a substrate for the high-speed exit of solar winds is an essential aspect of solar activity. This paper studies the statistical properties of CHs around the maximum activity of cycle 24 (13 May 2010 to 31 October 2017) observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly at 193 Å images. We showed that the size of CHs follows the power-law distributions indicating the scale-free behavior of CHs. The butterfly diagram of CHs demonstrates that the overall number of CHs shows a similar distribution in the two hemispheres. Large CHs with sizes ⩾ 2.57 × 10 5 arcsec2 (top 3% of observed CHs) more commonly appear at latitudes above 30 ∘ closer to the poles. We found that the largest CHs with sizes ⩾ 7.71 × 10 5 arcsec2 (top 0.03% of observed CHs) occur in the northern hemisphere. The appearance and disappearance of large CHs exhibit the asymmetrical behavior between the two hemispheres. Also, it is observed that CHs tend to have a latitudinal drift towards the poles in each hemisphere. A significant correlation between the number of sunspots and the eccentricity of equatorial CHs appeared near the solar disk center revealed that most of the CHs have elongated shapes at the maximum solar activity. In contrast, they have less abnormality during solar minimum. Applying detrended fluctuation and rescaled range analyses to the time series of CHs, we realized that the CHs have a long-term correlation and form a self-organized system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Advances in Space Research is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.asr.2023.04.036
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 1884
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Solar activity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sunspots
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Time series analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Scale-free network (Statistical physics)
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      – SubjectFull: Solar wind
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      – SubjectFull: Solar corona
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Eccentrics (Machinery)
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Behavior of the solar coronal holes around the maximum activity of the cycle 24.
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            NameFull: Taran, Somayeh
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            NameFull: Alipour, Nasibe
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            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Text: Sep2023
              Type: published
              Y: 2023
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