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Biosensor Based on Graphene Directly Grown by MW-PECVD for Detection of COVID-19 Spike (S) Protein and Its Entry Receptor ACE2.

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Title: Biosensor Based on Graphene Directly Grown by MW-PECVD for Detection of COVID-19 Spike (S) Protein and Its Entry Receptor ACE2.
Authors: Meškinis, Šarunas1 (AUTHOR) rimantas.gudaitis@ktu.lt, Gudaitis, Rimantas1 (AUTHOR) andrius.vasiliauskas@ktu.lt, Vasiliauskas, Andrius1 (AUTHOR) asta.guobiene@ktu.lt, Guobienė, Asta1 (AUTHOR) sarunas.jankauskas@ktu.lt, Jankauskas, Šarūnas1 (AUTHOR), Stankevič, Voitech2 (AUTHOR) voitech.stankevic@ftmc.lt, Keršulis, Skirmantas2 (AUTHOR) skirmantas.kersulis@ftmc.lt, Stirkė, Arūnas2 (AUTHOR) arunas.stirke@ftmc.lt, Andriukonis, Eivydas2 (AUTHOR) eivydas.andriukonis@ftmc.lt, Melo, Wanessa2 (AUTHOR) wanessa.melo@ftmc.lt, Vertelis, Vilius2 (AUTHOR) vilius.vertelis@ftmc.lt, Žurauskienė, Nerija2 (AUTHOR) nerija.zurauskiene@ftmc.lt
Source: Nanomaterials (2079-4991). Aug2023, Vol. 13 Issue 16, p2373. 18p.
Subjects: Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, Graphene synthesis, Angiotensin converting enzyme, Graphene, Atomic force microscopes, Biosensors, Raman spectroscopy
Abstract: Biosensors based on graphene field-effect transistors (G-FET) for detecting COVID-19 spike S protein and its receptor ACE2 were reported. The graphene, directly synthesized on SiO2/Si substrate by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MW-PECVD), was used for FET biosensor fabrication. The commercial graphene, CVD-grown on a copper substrate and subsequently transferred onto a glass substrate, was applied for comparison purposes. The graphene structure and surface morphology were studied by Raman scattering spectroscopy and atomic force microscope. Graphene surfaces were functionalized by an aromatic molecule PBASE (1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester), and subsequent immobilization of the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was performed. A microfluidic system was developed, and transfer curves of liquid-gated FET were measured after each graphene surface modification procedure to investigate ACE2 immobilization by varying its concentration and subsequent spike S protein detection. The directly synthesized graphene FET sensitivity to the receptor ACE2, evaluated in terms of the Dirac voltage shift, exceeded the sensitivity of the transferred commercial graphene-based FET. The concentration of the spike S protein was detected in the range of 10 ag/mL up to 10 μg/mL by using a developed microfluidic system and measuring the transfer characteristics of the liquid-gated G-FETs. It was found that the shift of the Dirac voltage depends on the spike S concentration and was 27 mV with saturation at 10 pg/mL for directly synthesized G-FET biosensor, while for transferred G-FET, the maximal shift of 70 mV was obtained at 10 μg/mL with a tendency of saturation at 10 ng/mL. The detection limit as low as 10 ag/mL was achieved for both G-FETs. The sensitivity of the biosensors at spike S concentration of 10 pg/mL measured as relative current change at a constant gate voltage corresponding to the highest transconductance of the G-FETs was found at 5.6% and 8.8% for directly synthesized and transferred graphene biosensors, respectively. Thus, MW-PECVD-synthesized graphene-based biosensor demonstrating high sensitivity and low detection limit has excellent potential for applications in COVID-19 diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Biosensor Based on Graphene Directly Grown by MW-PECVD for Detection of COVID-19 Spike (S) Protein and Its Entry Receptor ACE2.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Meškinis%2C+Šarunas%22">Meškinis, Šarunas</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> rimantas.gudaitis@ktu.lt</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gudaitis%2C+Rimantas%22">Gudaitis, Rimantas</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> andrius.vasiliauskas@ktu.lt</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Vasiliauskas%2C+Andrius%22">Vasiliauskas, Andrius</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> asta.guobiene@ktu.lt</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Guobienė%2C+Asta%22">Guobienė, Asta</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> sarunas.jankauskas@ktu.lt</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jankauskas%2C+Šarūnas%22">Jankauskas, Šarūnas</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stankevič%2C+Voitech%22">Stankevič, Voitech</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> voitech.stankevic@ftmc.lt</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Keršulis%2C+Skirmantas%22">Keršulis, Skirmantas</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> skirmantas.kersulis@ftmc.lt</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stirkė%2C+Arūnas%22">Stirkė, Arūnas</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> arunas.stirke@ftmc.lt</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Andriukonis%2C+Eivydas%22">Andriukonis, Eivydas</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> eivydas.andriukonis@ftmc.lt</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Melo%2C+Wanessa%22">Melo, Wanessa</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> wanessa.melo@ftmc.lt</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Vertelis%2C+Vilius%22">Vertelis, Vilius</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> vilius.vertelis@ftmc.lt</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Žurauskienė%2C+Nerija%22">Žurauskienė, Nerija</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> nerija.zurauskiene@ftmc.lt</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Nanomaterials+%282079-4991%29%22">Nanomaterials (2079-4991)</searchLink>. Aug2023, Vol. 13 Issue 16, p2373. 18p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Plasma-enhanced+chemical+vapor+deposition%22">Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphene+synthesis%22">Graphene synthesis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Angiotensin+converting+enzyme%22">Angiotensin converting enzyme</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphene%22">Graphene</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atomic+force+microscopes%22">Atomic force microscopes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biosensors%22">Biosensors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Raman+spectroscopy%22">Raman spectroscopy</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Biosensors based on graphene field-effect transistors (G-FET) for detecting COVID-19 spike S protein and its receptor ACE2 were reported. The graphene, directly synthesized on SiO2/Si substrate by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MW-PECVD), was used for FET biosensor fabrication. The commercial graphene, CVD-grown on a copper substrate and subsequently transferred onto a glass substrate, was applied for comparison purposes. The graphene structure and surface morphology were studied by Raman scattering spectroscopy and atomic force microscope. Graphene surfaces were functionalized by an aromatic molecule PBASE (1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester), and subsequent immobilization of the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was performed. A microfluidic system was developed, and transfer curves of liquid-gated FET were measured after each graphene surface modification procedure to investigate ACE2 immobilization by varying its concentration and subsequent spike S protein detection. The directly synthesized graphene FET sensitivity to the receptor ACE2, evaluated in terms of the Dirac voltage shift, exceeded the sensitivity of the transferred commercial graphene-based FET. The concentration of the spike S protein was detected in the range of 10 ag/mL up to 10 μg/mL by using a developed microfluidic system and measuring the transfer characteristics of the liquid-gated G-FETs. It was found that the shift of the Dirac voltage depends on the spike S concentration and was 27 mV with saturation at 10 pg/mL for directly synthesized G-FET biosensor, while for transferred G-FET, the maximal shift of 70 mV was obtained at 10 μg/mL with a tendency of saturation at 10 ng/mL. The detection limit as low as 10 ag/mL was achieved for both G-FETs. The sensitivity of the biosensors at spike S concentration of 10 pg/mL measured as relative current change at a constant gate voltage corresponding to the highest transconductance of the G-FETs was found at 5.6% and 8.8% for directly synthesized and transferred graphene biosensors, respectively. Thus, MW-PECVD-synthesized graphene-based biosensor demonstrating high sensitivity and low detection limit has excellent potential for applications in COVID-19 diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/nano13162373
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 18
        StartPage: 2373
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Graphene synthesis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Angiotensin converting enzyme
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Graphene
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      – SubjectFull: Atomic force microscopes
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      – SubjectFull: Biosensors
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      – SubjectFull: Raman spectroscopy
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      – TitleFull: Biosensor Based on Graphene Directly Grown by MW-PECVD for Detection of COVID-19 Spike (S) Protein and Its Entry Receptor ACE2.
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              Text: Aug2023
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