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Disentangling the historical routes to community assembly in the global epicentre of biodiversity.

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Title: Disentangling the historical routes to community assembly in the global epicentre of biodiversity.
Authors: Reijenga, Bouwe R.1 (AUTHOR) bouwe.reijenga.18@ucl.ac.uk, Freeman, Benjamin G.2 (AUTHOR), Murrell, David J.1 (AUTHOR), Pigot, Alex L.1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Global Ecology & Biogeography. Oct2023, Vol. 32 Issue 10, p1748-1759. 12p.
Subjects: Numbers of species, Sympatric speciation, Bird communities, Species diversity, Markov processes
Geographic Terms: South America
Abstract: Aim: The exceptional turnover in biota with elevation and number of species coexisting at any elevation makes tropical mountains hotspots of biodiversity. However, understanding the historical processes through which species arising in geographical isolation (i.e. allopatry) assemble along the same mountain slope (i.e. sympatry) remains a major challenge. Multiple models have been proposed including (1) the sorting of already elevationally divergent species, (2) the displacement of elevation upon secondary contact, potentially followed by convergence, or (3) elevational conservatism, in which ancestral elevational ranges are retained. However, the relative contribution of these processes to generating patterns of elevational overlap and turnover is unknown. Location: Tropical mountains of Central‐ and South‐America. Time Period: The last 12 myr. Major Taxa Studied: Birds. Methods: We collate a dataset of 165 avian sister pairs containing estimates of phylogenetic age, geographical and regional elevational range overlap. We develop a framework based on continuous‐time Markov models to infer the relative frequency of different historical pathways in explaining present‐day overlap and turnover of sympatric species along elevational gradients. Results: We show that turnover of closely related bird species across elevation can predominantly be explained by displacement of elevation ranges upon contact (81%) rather than elevational divergence in allopatry (19%). In contrast, overlap along elevation gradients is primarily (88%) explained by conservatism of elevational ranges rather than displacement followed by elevational expansion (12%). Main Conclusions: Bird communities across elevation gradients are assembled through a mix of processes, including the sorting, displacement and conservatism of species elevation ranges. The dominant role of conservatism in explaining co‐occurrence of species on mountain slopes rejects more complex scenarios requiring displacement followed by expansion. The ability of closely related species to coexist without elevational divergence provides a direct and faster pathway to sympatry and helps explain the exceptional species richness of tropical mountains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Global Ecology & Biogeography is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: Disentangling the historical routes to community assembly in the global epicentre of biodiversity.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Global+Ecology+%26+Biogeography%22">Global Ecology & Biogeography</searchLink>. Oct2023, Vol. 32 Issue 10, p1748-1759. 12p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Numbers+of+species%22">Numbers of species</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sympatric+speciation%22">Sympatric speciation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bird+communities%22">Bird communities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Species+diversity%22">Species diversity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Markov+processes%22">Markov processes</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22South+America%22">South America</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Aim: The exceptional turnover in biota with elevation and number of species coexisting at any elevation makes tropical mountains hotspots of biodiversity. However, understanding the historical processes through which species arising in geographical isolation (i.e. allopatry) assemble along the same mountain slope (i.e. sympatry) remains a major challenge. Multiple models have been proposed including (1) the sorting of already elevationally divergent species, (2) the displacement of elevation upon secondary contact, potentially followed by convergence, or (3) elevational conservatism, in which ancestral elevational ranges are retained. However, the relative contribution of these processes to generating patterns of elevational overlap and turnover is unknown. Location: Tropical mountains of Central‐ and South‐America. Time Period: The last 12 myr. Major Taxa Studied: Birds. Methods: We collate a dataset of 165 avian sister pairs containing estimates of phylogenetic age, geographical and regional elevational range overlap. We develop a framework based on continuous‐time Markov models to infer the relative frequency of different historical pathways in explaining present‐day overlap and turnover of sympatric species along elevational gradients. Results: We show that turnover of closely related bird species across elevation can predominantly be explained by displacement of elevation ranges upon contact (81%) rather than elevational divergence in allopatry (19%). In contrast, overlap along elevation gradients is primarily (88%) explained by conservatism of elevational ranges rather than displacement followed by elevational expansion (12%). Main Conclusions: Bird communities across elevation gradients are assembled through a mix of processes, including the sorting, displacement and conservatism of species elevation ranges. The dominant role of conservatism in explaining co‐occurrence of species on mountain slopes rejects more complex scenarios requiring displacement followed by expansion. The ability of closely related species to coexist without elevational divergence provides a direct and faster pathway to sympatry and helps explain the exceptional species richness of tropical mountains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Global Ecology & Biogeography is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Sympatric speciation
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      – SubjectFull: Bird communities
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      – SubjectFull: Species diversity
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      – SubjectFull: Markov processes
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      – SubjectFull: South America
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      – TitleFull: Disentangling the historical routes to community assembly in the global epicentre of biodiversity.
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              Text: Oct2023
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