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Technical note: Experimental dosimetric characterization of proton pencil beam distortion in a perpendicular magnetic field of an in‐beam MR scanner.

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Title: Technical note: Experimental dosimetric characterization of proton pencil beam distortion in a perpendicular magnetic field of an in‐beam MR scanner.
Authors: Gebauer, Benjamin1,2 (AUTHOR), Pawelke, Jörg1,2 (AUTHOR), Hoffmann, Aswin1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Lühr, Armin4 (AUTHOR) armin.luehr@tu-dortmund.de
Source: Medical Physics. Nov2023, Vol. 50 Issue 11, p7294-7303. 10p.
Subjects: Proton beams, Magnetic fields, Magnetic field effects, Proton magnetic resonance, Gyrotrons, Scintillation counters, Scanning systems
Abstract: Background: As it promises more precise and conformal radiation treatments, magnetic resonance imaging‐integrated proton therapy (MRiPT) is seen as a next step in image guidance for proton therapy. The Lorentz force, which affects the course of the proton pencil beams, presents a problem for beam delivery in the presence of a magnetic field. Purpose: To investigate the influence of the 0.32‐T perpendicular magnetic field of an MR scanner on the delivery of proton pencil beams inside an MRiPT prototype system. Methods: An MRiPT prototype comprising of a horizontal pencil beam scanning beam line and an open 0.32‐T MR scanner was used to evaluate the impact of the vertical magnetic field on proton beam deflection and dose spot pattern deformation. Three different proton energies (100, 150, and 220 MeV) and two spot map sizes (15 × 15 and 30 × 20 cm2) at four locations along the beam path without and with magnetic field were measured. Pencil‐beam dose spots were measured using EBT3 films and a 2D scintillation detector. To study the magnetic field effects, a 2D Gaussian fit was applied to each individual dose spot to determine the central position (X,Y)$(X,Y)$, minimum and maximum lateral standard deviation (σmin$\sigma _{min}$ and σmax$\sigma _{max}$), orientation (θ), and the eccentricity (ε). Results: The dose spots were subjected to three simultaneous effects: (a) lateral horizontal beam deflection, (b) asymmetric trapezoidal deformation of the dose spot pattern, and (c) deformation and rotation of individual dose spots. The strongest effects were observed at a proton energy of 100 MeV with a horizontal beam deflection of 14–186 mm along the beam path. Within the central imaging field of the MR scanner, the maximum relative dose spot size σmax$\sigma _{max}$ decreased by up to 3.66%, while σmin$\sigma _{min}$ increased by a maximum of 2.15%. The largest decrease and increase in the eccentricity of the dose spots were 0.08 and 0.02, respectively. The spot orientation θ was rotated by a maximum of 5.39°. At the higher proton energies, the same effects were still seen, although to a lesser degree. Conclusions: The effect of an MRiPT prototype's magnetic field on the proton beam path, dose spot pattern, and dose spot form has been measured for the first time. The findings show that the impact of the MF must be appropriately recognized in a future MRiPT treatment planning system. The results emphasize the need for additional research (e.g., effect of magnetic field on proton beams with range shifters and impact of MR imaging sequences) before MRiPT applications can be employed to treat patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Medical Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Technical note: Experimental dosimetric characterization of proton pencil beam distortion in a perpendicular magnetic field of an in‐beam MR scanner.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gebauer%2C+Benjamin%22">Gebauer, Benjamin</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pawelke%2C+Jörg%22">Pawelke, Jörg</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hoffmann%2C+Aswin%22">Hoffmann, Aswin</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lühr%2C+Armin%22">Lühr, Armin</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> armin.luehr@tu-dortmund.de</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Medical+Physics%22">Medical Physics</searchLink>. Nov2023, Vol. 50 Issue 11, p7294-7303. 10p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Proton+beams%22">Proton beams</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Magnetic+fields%22">Magnetic fields</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Magnetic+field+effects%22">Magnetic field effects</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Proton+magnetic+resonance%22">Proton magnetic resonance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gyrotrons%22">Gyrotrons</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scintillation+counters%22">Scintillation counters</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scanning+systems%22">Scanning systems</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background: As it promises more precise and conformal radiation treatments, magnetic resonance imaging‐integrated proton therapy (MRiPT) is seen as a next step in image guidance for proton therapy. The Lorentz force, which affects the course of the proton pencil beams, presents a problem for beam delivery in the presence of a magnetic field. Purpose: To investigate the influence of the 0.32‐T perpendicular magnetic field of an MR scanner on the delivery of proton pencil beams inside an MRiPT prototype system. Methods: An MRiPT prototype comprising of a horizontal pencil beam scanning beam line and an open 0.32‐T MR scanner was used to evaluate the impact of the vertical magnetic field on proton beam deflection and dose spot pattern deformation. Three different proton energies (100, 150, and 220 MeV) and two spot map sizes (15 × 15 and 30 × 20 cm2) at four locations along the beam path without and with magnetic field were measured. Pencil‐beam dose spots were measured using EBT3 films and a 2D scintillation detector. To study the magnetic field effects, a 2D Gaussian fit was applied to each individual dose spot to determine the central position (X,Y)$(X,Y)$, minimum and maximum lateral standard deviation (σmin$\sigma _{min}$ and σmax$\sigma _{max}$), orientation (θ), and the eccentricity (ε). Results: The dose spots were subjected to three simultaneous effects: (a) lateral horizontal beam deflection, (b) asymmetric trapezoidal deformation of the dose spot pattern, and (c) deformation and rotation of individual dose spots. The strongest effects were observed at a proton energy of 100 MeV with a horizontal beam deflection of 14–186 mm along the beam path. Within the central imaging field of the MR scanner, the maximum relative dose spot size σmax$\sigma _{max}$ decreased by up to 3.66%, while σmin$\sigma _{min}$ increased by a maximum of 2.15%. The largest decrease and increase in the eccentricity of the dose spots were 0.08 and 0.02, respectively. The spot orientation θ was rotated by a maximum of 5.39°. At the higher proton energies, the same effects were still seen, although to a lesser degree. Conclusions: The effect of an MRiPT prototype's magnetic field on the proton beam path, dose spot pattern, and dose spot form has been measured for the first time. The findings show that the impact of the MF must be appropriately recognized in a future MRiPT treatment planning system. The results emphasize the need for additional research (e.g., effect of magnetic field on proton beams with range shifters and impact of MR imaging sequences) before MRiPT applications can be employed to treat patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Medical Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1002/mp.16448
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 10
        StartPage: 7294
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Proton beams
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Magnetic fields
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Magnetic field effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Proton magnetic resonance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gyrotrons
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Scintillation counters
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Scanning systems
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Technical note: Experimental dosimetric characterization of proton pencil beam distortion in a perpendicular magnetic field of an in‐beam MR scanner.
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            NameFull: Hoffmann, Aswin
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            – D: 01
              M: 11
              Text: Nov2023
              Type: published
              Y: 2023
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