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Hydroprocessing characteristics of palm fatty acid distillate in palm oil into low-carbon biofuel.

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Title: Hydroprocessing characteristics of palm fatty acid distillate in palm oil into low-carbon biofuel.
Authors: Kim, Soo Hyun1,2 (AUTHOR), Ko, Hyerim1 (AUTHOR), Lee, Mi Ran2 (AUTHOR), Kim, Jin-Kuk1 (AUTHOR), Suh, Young-Woong1 (AUTHOR) ywsuh@hanyang.ac.kr
Source: Fuel (0016-2361). May2024, Vol. 364, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Fatty acids, Free fatty acids, Fischer-Tropsch process, Edible fats & oils, Fatty acid esters, Aluminum oxide, Vegetable oils
Abstract: [Display omitted] • Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was used as a hydroprocessing feedstock. • Byproducts were formed by side reactions of free fatty acids (FFA) intermediates. • Fatty alcohols, wax esters, and ketones were the FFA-derived oxygenated byproducts. • Increasing the PFAD content in the feed accelerated the side reactions. • The side reactions resulted from higher concentration of strongly-adsorbed FFA. As the hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) process is being commercialized to manufacture sustainable aviation fuel, the feedstock is shifted from edible oils to low-purity residues. As a hydroprocessing feedstock, this study focused on a byproduct in palm processing, palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) mainly composed of free fatty acids (FFA) that is virtually the hydrodeoxygenation intermediate because the rates of involved reactions largely depend on the PFAD concentration in the feed, thereby altering product distribution including saturated C 15–18 hydrocarbon products. As a result of hydroprocessing the mixtures of refined palm oil (RBDPO) with PFAD over Pt/Al 2 O 3 , side reactions derived from FFA intermediate (hydrogenation to fatty alcohols, esterification to wax esters, ketonization, and ester/ketone hydrodeoxygenation) were found to take place, which was accelerated as the PFAD was more present in the feed. Furthermore, the activity results obtained by tuning reaction variables such as time, H 2 pressure, temperature, and catalyst amount identified that the higher concentration of PFAD with strong adsorption on the catalyst was responsible for the side reactions. Therefore, it could be suggested to add the PFAD of 40 wt% or less into refined glyceride feedstock when the reaction conditions used in this work are employed. If the addition of more PFAD is desired, it would be necessary to develop a hydroprocessing catalyst to prefer the adsorption of hydrogen to that of FFA intermediate. Consequently, this work can serve as a guideline for utilizing FFA-containing raw materials for the HEFA process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Fuel (0016-2361) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 176196889
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  Data: Hydroprocessing characteristics of palm fatty acid distillate in palm oil into low-carbon biofuel.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+Soo+Hyun%22">Kim, Soo Hyun</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ko%2C+Hyerim%22">Ko, Hyerim</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lee%2C+Mi+Ran%22">Lee, Mi Ran</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+Jin-Kuk%22">Kim, Jin-Kuk</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Suh%2C+Young-Woong%22">Suh, Young-Woong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> ywsuh@hanyang.ac.kr</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Fuel+%280016-2361%29%22">Fuel (0016-2361)</searchLink>. May2024, Vol. 364, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: [Display omitted] • Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was used as a hydroprocessing feedstock. • Byproducts were formed by side reactions of free fatty acids (FFA) intermediates. • Fatty alcohols, wax esters, and ketones were the FFA-derived oxygenated byproducts. • Increasing the PFAD content in the feed accelerated the side reactions. • The side reactions resulted from higher concentration of strongly-adsorbed FFA. As the hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) process is being commercialized to manufacture sustainable aviation fuel, the feedstock is shifted from edible oils to low-purity residues. As a hydroprocessing feedstock, this study focused on a byproduct in palm processing, palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) mainly composed of free fatty acids (FFA) that is virtually the hydrodeoxygenation intermediate because the rates of involved reactions largely depend on the PFAD concentration in the feed, thereby altering product distribution including saturated C 15–18 hydrocarbon products. As a result of hydroprocessing the mixtures of refined palm oil (RBDPO) with PFAD over Pt/Al 2 O 3 , side reactions derived from FFA intermediate (hydrogenation to fatty alcohols, esterification to wax esters, ketonization, and ester/ketone hydrodeoxygenation) were found to take place, which was accelerated as the PFAD was more present in the feed. Furthermore, the activity results obtained by tuning reaction variables such as time, H 2 pressure, temperature, and catalyst amount identified that the higher concentration of PFAD with strong adsorption on the catalyst was responsible for the side reactions. Therefore, it could be suggested to add the PFAD of 40 wt% or less into refined glyceride feedstock when the reaction conditions used in this work are employed. If the addition of more PFAD is desired, it would be necessary to develop a hydroprocessing catalyst to prefer the adsorption of hydrogen to that of FFA intermediate. Consequently, this work can serve as a guideline for utilizing FFA-containing raw materials for the HEFA process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Fuel (0016-2361) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131058
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Fatty acids
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Free fatty acids
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fischer-Tropsch process
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Edible fats & oils
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fatty acid esters
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aluminum oxide
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Vegetable oils
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Hydroprocessing characteristics of palm fatty acid distillate in palm oil into low-carbon biofuel.
        Type: main
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          Name:
            NameFull: Kim, Soo Hyun
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            NameFull: Ko, Hyerim
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            NameFull: Lee, Mi Ran
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            NameFull: Kim, Jin-Kuk
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            NameFull: Suh, Young-Woong
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            – D: 15
              M: 05
              Text: May2024
              Type: published
              Y: 2024
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            – Type: issn-print
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              Value: 364
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            – TitleFull: Fuel (0016-2361)
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