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Technical note: Determination of proton linear energy transfer from the integral depth dose.

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Title: Technical note: Determination of proton linear energy transfer from the integral depth dose.
Authors: Yao, Weiguang1 (AUTHOR) weiguang.yao@umm.edu, Farr, Jonathan B.2 (AUTHOR), Mossahebi, Sina1 (AUTHOR), Yi, Byongyong1 (AUTHOR), Chen, Shifeng1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Medical Physics. Jul2024, Vol. 51 Issue 7, p5148-5153. 6p.
Subjects: Jamat al-Dawa Pakistan, Linear energy transfer, Protons, Ionization chambers, Integrals
Abstract: Background: Proton linear energy transfer (LET) is associated with the relative biological effectiveness of radiation on tissues. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations have been known to be the preferred method to calculate LET. Detectors have also been built to measure LET, but they need to be calibrated with MC simulations. Purpose: To propose and test a MC‐free method for determining LET from the measured integral depth dose (LFI) of the protons of interest. Method and materials: LFI consists of three steps: (1) IDD measurements, (2) extraction of energy spectrum (ES) from the IDD, and (3) LET determination from the extracted ES and the stopping power of each energy. To validate the accuracy of the extraction of ES, we use Gaussian ES to synthesize IDD, extract ES from the synthesized IDD, and then compare the original (ground truth) and extracted ES. LETs calculated from the original and extracted ES are also compared. To obtain the LET of protons of interest, we measure IDDs by a large‐area plane‐parallel ionization chamber in water. Finally, TOPAS MC is employed to simulate IDDs, ES, and LETs. From the simulated IDD, the extracted ES and LET are compared with the simulations from TOPAS MC. Results: From the synthesized IDDs, the LETs agreed excellently when the peak energies ≥10 and 1.25 MeV with depth resolutions 0.1 and 0.01 mm, respectively. For energy <1.25 MeV, even higher depth resolution than 0.01 mm is required. From the MC simulated IDDs, our track‐averaged LET excellently agreed with MC simulation, but not the LETd. Our LETd was smaller than MC simulated LETd in the shallow region but larger in the distal Bragg peak region. Conclusion: LET can be accurately determined from the IDD. This method can be used in the clinic to commission or validate LETs from other measurement methods or a treatment planning system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Medical Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Technical note: Determination of proton linear energy transfer from the integral depth dose.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Yao%2C+Weiguang%22&quot;&gt;Yao, Weiguang&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;i&gt; weiguang.yao@umm.edu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Farr%2C+Jonathan+B%2E%22&quot;&gt;Farr, Jonathan B.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;2&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Mossahebi%2C+Sina%22&quot;&gt;Mossahebi, Sina&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Yi%2C+Byongyong%22&quot;&gt;Yi, Byongyong&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Chen%2C+Shifeng%22&quot;&gt;Chen, Shifeng&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Medical+Physics%22&quot;&gt;Medical Physics&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Jul2024, Vol. 51 Issue 7, p5148-5153. 6p.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Jamat+al-Dawa+Pakistan%22&quot;&gt;Jamat al-Dawa Pakistan&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Linear+energy+transfer%22&quot;&gt;Linear energy transfer&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Protons%22&quot;&gt;Protons&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Ionization+chambers%22&quot;&gt;Ionization chambers&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Integrals%22&quot;&gt;Integrals&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background: Proton linear energy transfer (LET) is associated with the relative biological effectiveness of radiation on tissues. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations have been known to be the preferred method to calculate LET. Detectors have also been built to measure LET, but they need to be calibrated with MC simulations. Purpose: To propose and test a MC‐free method for determining LET from the measured integral depth dose (LFI) of the protons of interest. Method and materials: LFI consists of three steps: (1) IDD measurements, (2) extraction of energy spectrum (ES) from the IDD, and (3) LET determination from the extracted ES and the stopping power of each energy. To validate the accuracy of the extraction of ES, we use Gaussian ES to synthesize IDD, extract ES from the synthesized IDD, and then compare the original (ground truth) and extracted ES. LETs calculated from the original and extracted ES are also compared. To obtain the LET of protons of interest, we measure IDDs by a large‐area plane‐parallel ionization chamber in water. Finally, TOPAS MC is employed to simulate IDDs, ES, and LETs. From the simulated IDD, the extracted ES and LET are compared with the simulations from TOPAS MC. Results: From the synthesized IDDs, the LETs agreed excellently when the peak energies ≥10 and 1.25 MeV with depth resolutions 0.1 and 0.01 mm, respectively. For energy &lt;1.25 MeV, even higher depth resolution than 0.01 mm is required. From the MC simulated IDDs, our track‐averaged LET excellently agreed with MC simulation, but not the LETd. Our LETd was smaller than MC simulated LETd in the shallow region but larger in the distal Bragg peak region. Conclusion: LET can be accurately determined from the IDD. This method can be used in the clinic to commission or validate LETs from other measurement methods or a treatment planning system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Medical Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/mp.16866
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 6
        StartPage: 5148
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Jamat al-Dawa Pakistan
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Linear energy transfer
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Protons
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ionization chambers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Integrals
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Technical note: Determination of proton linear energy transfer from the integral depth dose.
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            NameFull: Yao, Weiguang
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            NameFull: Farr, Jonathan B.
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            NameFull: Mossahebi, Sina
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            NameFull: Yi, Byongyong
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            NameFull: Chen, Shifeng
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            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2024
              Type: published
              Y: 2024
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              Value: 51
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