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Characterization of neutron-irradiated SiPMs down to liquid nitrogen temperature.

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Title: Characterization of neutron-irradiated SiPMs down to liquid nitrogen temperature.
Authors: Consuegra Rodríguez, Dania1 (AUTHOR) dania.consuegra@ijs.si, Dolenec, Rok1,2 (AUTHOR), Križan, Peter1,2 (AUTHOR), Korpar, Samo1,3 (AUTHOR), Seljak, Andrej1 (AUTHOR), Žontar, Dejan1 (AUTHOR), Pestotnik, Rok1 (AUTHOR)
Source: European Physical Journal C -- Particles & Fields. Sep2024, Vol. 84 Issue 9, p1-14. 14p.
Subjects: Large Hadron Collider, Cherenkov counters, Wave analysis, Image converters, Nuclear reactors, Photon detectors
Abstract: Photodetectors used in future high-energy physics experiments will need to keep sufficient performance during a few years of data-taking despite radiation load, which, for example, in the planned upgrade of the Ring Imaging Cherenkov detectors in Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) experiment is estimated at about 10 13 1-MeV neutron equivalent per cm 2 (neq/cm 2 ). Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are considered as candidates for photodetectors for this application. However, their sensitivity to neutron irradiation may seriously compromise their operation, with the increase in dark count rates being the primary limitation after the irradiation. In this work, 1 × 1 mm 2 15 μ m pitch NUV-HD-RH silicon photomultipliers developed by the Fondazione Bruno Kessler were characterized before and after the irradiation. In total, 5 SiPMs were irradiated at the Jožef Stefan Institute TRIGA nuclear reactor with different fluences from 10 9 neq/cm 2 up to 10 13 neq/cm 2 . The SiPMs were also annealed at high temperatures and re-characterized after the annealing. For the SiPM characterization in all the cases, current–voltage (I-V curve) measurements, dark count rate measurements, and waveform analysis, including single photon time resolution, were carried out at different controlled temperature steps from room temperature down to the liquid nitrogen temperature. While cooling to − 20 ∘ C was enough for the SiPM irradiated at 10 9 neq/cm 2 to recover the ability to resolve single photons, by 10 13 neq/cm 2 , cooling to liquid nitrogen temperature was necessary. With sufficient cooling, the measured single photon time resolution was around 90 ps FWHM for all irradiation levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of European Physical Journal C -- Particles & Fields is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Characterization of neutron-irradiated SiPMs down to liquid nitrogen temperature.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Consuegra+Rodríguez%2C+Dania%22">Consuegra Rodríguez, Dania</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> dania.consuegra@ijs.si</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dolenec%2C+Rok%22">Dolenec, Rok</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Križan%2C+Peter%22">Križan, Peter</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Korpar%2C+Samo%22">Korpar, Samo</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Seljak%2C+Andrej%22">Seljak, Andrej</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Žontar%2C+Dejan%22">Žontar, Dejan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pestotnik%2C+Rok%22">Pestotnik, Rok</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22European+Physical+Journal+C+--+Particles+%26+Fields%22">European Physical Journal C -- Particles & Fields</searchLink>. Sep2024, Vol. 84 Issue 9, p1-14. 14p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Large+Hadron+Collider%22">Large Hadron Collider</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cherenkov+counters%22">Cherenkov counters</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wave+analysis%22">Wave analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Image+converters%22">Image converters</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nuclear+reactors%22">Nuclear reactors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photon+detectors%22">Photon detectors</searchLink>
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  Data: Photodetectors used in future high-energy physics experiments will need to keep sufficient performance during a few years of data-taking despite radiation load, which, for example, in the planned upgrade of the Ring Imaging Cherenkov detectors in Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) experiment is estimated at about 10 13 1-MeV neutron equivalent per cm 2 (neq/cm 2 ). Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are considered as candidates for photodetectors for this application. However, their sensitivity to neutron irradiation may seriously compromise their operation, with the increase in dark count rates being the primary limitation after the irradiation. In this work, 1 × 1 mm 2 15 μ m pitch NUV-HD-RH silicon photomultipliers developed by the Fondazione Bruno Kessler were characterized before and after the irradiation. In total, 5 SiPMs were irradiated at the Jožef Stefan Institute TRIGA nuclear reactor with different fluences from 10 9 neq/cm 2 up to 10 13 neq/cm 2 . The SiPMs were also annealed at high temperatures and re-characterized after the annealing. For the SiPM characterization in all the cases, current–voltage (I-V curve) measurements, dark count rate measurements, and waveform analysis, including single photon time resolution, were carried out at different controlled temperature steps from room temperature down to the liquid nitrogen temperature. While cooling to − 20 ∘ C was enough for the SiPM irradiated at 10 9 neq/cm 2 to recover the ability to resolve single photons, by 10 13 neq/cm 2 , cooling to liquid nitrogen temperature was necessary. With sufficient cooling, the measured single photon time resolution was around 90 ps FWHM for all irradiation levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of European Physical Journal C -- Particles & Fields is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – TitleFull: Characterization of neutron-irradiated SiPMs down to liquid nitrogen temperature.
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              M: 09
              Text: Sep2024
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