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How Shell Add-On Products Influence Varsity Football Helmet Performance?

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Title: How Shell Add-On Products Influence Varsity Football Helmet Performance?
Authors: Stark, Nicole E.-P.1 (AUTHOR), Begonia, Mark T.2 (AUTHOR) mbegonia@vt.edu, Jung, Caitlyn1 (AUTHOR), Rowson, Steven1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Annals of Biomedical Engineering. Nov2024, Vol. 52 Issue 11, p2923-2931. 9p.
Subjects: Football helmets, Linear acceleration, Impact testing, Head injuries, Brain concussion, Helmets
Abstract: Purpose: The study purpose was to investigate the laboratory-based performance of three commercially available shell add-on products under varsity-level impact conditions. Methods: Pendulum impact tests were conducted at multiple locations (front, front boss, rear, side) and speeds (3.1, 4.9, 6.4 m/s) using two helmet models. Tests were performed with a single add-on configuration for baseline comparisons and a double add-on configuration to simulate collisions with both players wearing shell add-ons. A linear mixed-effect model was used to evaluate peak linear acceleration (PLA), peak rotational acceleration (PRA), and concussion risk, which was calculated from a bivariate injury risk function, based on shell add-on and test configuration. Results: All shell add-ons decreased peak head kinematics and injury risk compared to controls, with the Guardian NXT producing the largest reductions (PLA: 7.9%, PRA: 14.1%, Risk: 34.1%) compared to the SAFR Helmet Cover (PLA: 4.5%, PRA: 9.3%, Risk: 24.7%) and Guardian XT (PLA: 3.2%, PRA: 5.0%, Risk: 15.5%). The same trend was observed in the double add-on test configuration. However, the Guardian NXT (PLA: 17.1%; PRA: 11.5%; Risk: 62.8%) and SAFR Helmet Cover (PLA: 12.2%; PRA: 9.1%; Risk: 52.2%) produced larger reductions in peak head kinematics and injury risk than the Guardian XT (PLA: 5.7%, PRA: 2.2%, Risk: 21.8%). Conclusion: In laboratory-based assessments that simulated varsity-level impact conditions, the Guardian NXT was associated with larger reductions in PLA, PRA, and injury risk compared to the SAFR Helmet Cover and Guardian XT. Although shell add-ons can enhance head protection, helmet model selection should be prioritized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Annals of Biomedical Engineering is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: How Shell Add-On Products Influence Varsity Football Helmet Performance?
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stark%2C+Nicole+E%2E-P%2E%22">Stark, Nicole E.-P.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Begonia%2C+Mark+T%2E%22">Begonia, Mark T.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> mbegonia@vt.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jung%2C+Caitlyn%22">Jung, Caitlyn</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rowson%2C+Steven%22">Rowson, Steven</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Annals+of+Biomedical+Engineering%22">Annals of Biomedical Engineering</searchLink>. Nov2024, Vol. 52 Issue 11, p2923-2931. 9p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Football+helmets%22">Football helmets</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Linear+acceleration%22">Linear acceleration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Impact+testing%22">Impact testing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Head+injuries%22">Head injuries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Brain+concussion%22">Brain concussion</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Helmets%22">Helmets</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: The study purpose was to investigate the laboratory-based performance of three commercially available shell add-on products under varsity-level impact conditions. Methods: Pendulum impact tests were conducted at multiple locations (front, front boss, rear, side) and speeds (3.1, 4.9, 6.4 m/s) using two helmet models. Tests were performed with a single add-on configuration for baseline comparisons and a double add-on configuration to simulate collisions with both players wearing shell add-ons. A linear mixed-effect model was used to evaluate peak linear acceleration (PLA), peak rotational acceleration (PRA), and concussion risk, which was calculated from a bivariate injury risk function, based on shell add-on and test configuration. Results: All shell add-ons decreased peak head kinematics and injury risk compared to controls, with the Guardian NXT producing the largest reductions (PLA: 7.9%, PRA: 14.1%, Risk: 34.1%) compared to the SAFR Helmet Cover (PLA: 4.5%, PRA: 9.3%, Risk: 24.7%) and Guardian XT (PLA: 3.2%, PRA: 5.0%, Risk: 15.5%). The same trend was observed in the double add-on test configuration. However, the Guardian NXT (PLA: 17.1%; PRA: 11.5%; Risk: 62.8%) and SAFR Helmet Cover (PLA: 12.2%; PRA: 9.1%; Risk: 52.2%) produced larger reductions in peak head kinematics and injury risk than the Guardian XT (PLA: 5.7%, PRA: 2.2%, Risk: 21.8%). Conclusion: In laboratory-based assessments that simulated varsity-level impact conditions, the Guardian NXT was associated with larger reductions in PLA, PRA, and injury risk compared to the SAFR Helmet Cover and Guardian XT. Although shell add-ons can enhance head protection, helmet model selection should be prioritized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Annals of Biomedical Engineering is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s10439-024-03627-5
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        Text: English
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        StartPage: 2923
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Linear acceleration
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Impact testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Head injuries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Brain concussion
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Helmets
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: How Shell Add-On Products Influence Varsity Football Helmet Performance?
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            NameFull: Stark, Nicole E.-P.
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            NameFull: Begonia, Mark T.
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            NameFull: Jung, Caitlyn
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            – D: 01
              M: 11
              Text: Nov2024
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              Y: 2024
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