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Removal of iron and aluminum from hydrometallurgical NMC-LFP recycling process through precipitation.

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Title: Removal of iron and aluminum from hydrometallurgical NMC-LFP recycling process through precipitation.
Authors: Zou, Yuanmin1 (AUTHOR), Chernyaev, Alexander1,2 (AUTHOR), Seisko, Sipi1 (AUTHOR), Sainio, Jani3 (AUTHOR), Lundström, Mari1 (AUTHOR) mari.lundstrom@aalto.fi
Source: Minerals Engineering. Nov2024, Vol. 218, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Aluminum forming, Copper, Waste recycling, Cobalt oxides, Manganese oxides, Iron
Abstract: [Display omitted] • The presence of LFP in battery waste changes Fe and Al removal. • At pH 2 iron can be precipitated with 0.7 wt% Ni and ≤ 0.4 wt% Mn, Co, Al, and Li. • Iron precipitates as iron phosphate (FePO 4) and iron fluoride (FeF 3) • 91% of Al precipitates at pH 4.5 as AlOOH, Al-F complex keeps minor Al soluble. • Selective Fe removal or combined Fe-Al removal can be conducted with pH adjustment. There is a need to develop removal strategies for typical battery impurities–iron and aluminum–from actual hydrometallurgical recycling solutions. In this work, the investigated solution originated from lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) rich black mass, while iron phosphate (LFP) was used as an in situ reductant. It was found that the presence of phosphate ions supported selective iron precipitation already at pH = 2.0 (T = 60 °C, t = 3 h, NaOH), with nearly complete iron removal (97.8 %). The precipitate was rich in iron (21.5 wt%) and phosphorus (13.4 wt%); it also contained 0.7 wt% Ni and 0.3–0.4 wt% Mn, Co, Al, and Li. It is suggested that the presence of phosphate in minor amounts may cause this co-precipitation of battery metals. With the aim of combined precipitation of iron (100 %) and aluminum (91.0 %), the pH was increased up to 4.5. Although 90.8 % of fluoride precipitated, the remaining fluorides may have kept the aluminum partially in soluble form as Al-F complexes. The formed precipitate had lower iron (18.4 wt%) and phosphorus (11.4 wt%) content, whereas the impurity contents and thus the battery metals losses were slightly higher: Ni, Mn, Co, Al, and Cu were each between 1.1–1.9 wt% and Li and F < 1 wt%. In the precipitates investigated, iron was found predominantly as iron phosphate (FePO 4), whereas a minor fraction also precipitated as iron fluoride (FeF 3). The precipitated aluminum existed mainly as AlOOH. The results presented here will help to build iron and aluminum removal strategies for industrial battery recycling solutions, and also provide insights into the dominant iron and aluminum phases forming the precipitates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Minerals Engineering is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Removal of iron and aluminum from hydrometallurgical NMC-LFP recycling process through precipitation.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Zou%2C+Yuanmin%22&quot;&gt;Zou, Yuanmin&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Chernyaev%2C+Alexander%22&quot;&gt;Chernyaev, Alexander&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,2&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Seisko%2C+Sipi%22&quot;&gt;Seisko, Sipi&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Sainio%2C+Jani%22&quot;&gt;Sainio, Jani&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Lundstr&#246;m%2C+Mari%22&quot;&gt;Lundstr&#246;m, Mari&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;i&gt; mari.lundstrom@aalto.fi&lt;/i&gt;
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Minerals+Engineering%22&quot;&gt;Minerals Engineering&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Nov2024, Vol. 218, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Aluminum+forming%22&quot;&gt;Aluminum forming&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Copper%22&quot;&gt;Copper&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Waste+recycling%22&quot;&gt;Waste recycling&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Cobalt+oxides%22&quot;&gt;Cobalt oxides&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Manganese+oxides%22&quot;&gt;Manganese oxides&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Iron%22&quot;&gt;Iron&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: [Display omitted] • The presence of LFP in battery waste changes Fe and Al removal. • At pH 2 iron can be precipitated with 0.7 wt% Ni and ≤ 0.4 wt% Mn, Co, Al, and Li. • Iron precipitates as iron phosphate (FePO 4) and iron fluoride (FeF 3) • 91% of Al precipitates at pH 4.5 as AlOOH, Al-F complex keeps minor Al soluble. • Selective Fe removal or combined Fe-Al removal can be conducted with pH adjustment. There is a need to develop removal strategies for typical battery impurities–iron and aluminum–from actual hydrometallurgical recycling solutions. In this work, the investigated solution originated from lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) rich black mass, while iron phosphate (LFP) was used as an in situ reductant. It was found that the presence of phosphate ions supported selective iron precipitation already at pH = 2.0 (T = 60 &#176;C, t = 3 h, NaOH), with nearly complete iron removal (97.8 %). The precipitate was rich in iron (21.5 wt%) and phosphorus (13.4 wt%); it also contained 0.7 wt% Ni and 0.3–0.4 wt% Mn, Co, Al, and Li. It is suggested that the presence of phosphate in minor amounts may cause this co-precipitation of battery metals. With the aim of combined precipitation of iron (100 %) and aluminum (91.0 %), the pH was increased up to 4.5. Although 90.8 % of fluoride precipitated, the remaining fluorides may have kept the aluminum partially in soluble form as Al-F complexes. The formed precipitate had lower iron (18.4 wt%) and phosphorus (11.4 wt%) content, whereas the impurity contents and thus the battery metals losses were slightly higher: Ni, Mn, Co, Al, and Cu were each between 1.1–1.9 wt% and Li and F &lt; 1 wt%. In the precipitates investigated, iron was found predominantly as iron phosphate (FePO 4), whereas a minor fraction also precipitated as iron fluoride (FeF 3). The precipitated aluminum existed mainly as AlOOH. The results presented here will help to build iron and aluminum removal strategies for industrial battery recycling solutions, and also provide insights into the dominant iron and aluminum phases forming the precipitates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Minerals Engineering is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.mineng.2024.109037
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
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      – SubjectFull: Aluminum forming
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Copper
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Waste recycling
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      – SubjectFull: Cobalt oxides
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Manganese oxides
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Iron
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Removal of iron and aluminum from hydrometallurgical NMC-LFP recycling process through precipitation.
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            NameFull: Zou, Yuanmin
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            NameFull: Chernyaev, Alexander
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            NameFull: Seisko, Sipi
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            NameFull: Sainio, Jani
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            NameFull: Lundström, Mari
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            – D: 01
              M: 11
              Text: Nov2024
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              Y: 2024
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