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Fire dynamics, fire generated pollutants, and acute health implications: A scaling law analysis of heavy-fuel-oil pool fires.

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Title: Fire dynamics, fire generated pollutants, and acute health implications: A scaling law analysis of heavy-fuel-oil pool fires.
Authors: Tsai, Kuang-Chung1 (AUTHOR) tsaikc@nkust.edu.tw, Cheng, Li-Hsin1,2 (AUTHOR) pl033@fy.edu.tw, Yeh, Chi-Fu3 (AUTHOR) wastonyeh@gmail.com, Tseng, Tzu-Yan1 (AUTHOR) tsengty@nkust.edu.tw, Tseng, Tzu-Ping2 (AUTHOR) zj955@fy.edu.tw, Huang, Li-Jen2 (AUTHOR) pl025@fy.edu.tw, Yeh, Shu-Hsing4 (AUTHOR) do001@fy.edu.tw, Hsu, Hui-Tsung5 (AUTHOR) hthsu@mail.cmu.edu.tw, Lin, Ching-Ho6 (AUTHOR) pl018@fy.edu.tw, Lai, Chin-Hsing6 (AUTHOR) pl011@fy.edu.tw, Brimblecomb, Peter7 (AUTHOR) pgbrim@gmail.com, Chen, Ming-Jen1,2 (AUTHOR) chenmj2000@yahoo.com
Source: Fuel (0016-2361). Feb2025:Part A, Vol. 381, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Health risk assessment, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Volatile organic compounds, Oil storage tanks, Chemical industry
Abstract: [Display omitted] • Fire dynamic parameters (FDP S) and fire-generated pollutants (FGP S) of heavy fuel oil depend on the pool-fire scale called oil pan diameter (D). • FDP S and FGP S are approximately proportional to D 0.5 and D 1.0 at medium-scale pool fires but approaching saturated values at large-scale pool fires. • FGP S comprise PM, VOC S , PAH S and DIOXIN S , where PM 2.5 , benzene and CO levels at large-scale pool fires can lead to acute health hazards. To assess effective acute health risks for people exposed to fuel–oil pool fires, one has to gain a detailed knowledge of how the pool-fire scale, referred to as a circular oil pan diameter (D), determines fire behaviour and associated fire-generated pollutants (FGP S). However, a lack of quantitative data relating to the effects of D on fire dynamic parameters (FDP S) and FGP S must be improved. A series of pilot-scale pool test fires of low-sulfur #6 fuel oil (LSFO6) were conducted using 1 MW and 10 MW calorimetry measurement systems for medium-scale pool (MSP, D =0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 m) and large-scale pool (LSP, D =1.1, 1.2 and 1.5 m) fire tests, respectively. During the steady-state burning phase, the time-averaged FDP S and FGP concentrations (C FGPs) were proportional to a power law of pool-fire scale (∝ D n) at MSP fires but approaching saturated values at LSP fires. The power values were n ≈ 0.5 for FDP S and n ≈ 1.0 for C FGPs. The released FGP mass was in the order: particulate matter (PM) > volatile organic compounds (VOC S) > polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH S) > dioxin-like congeners (DIOXIN S). Eighteen carcinogens were identified from FGP S. According to the reported estimates for acute airborne toxicants, people exposed to the levels of PM 2.5 (202 ± 44 mg m−3), benzene (13.9 ± 7.6 mg m−3) and CO (112 ± 21 mg m−3) at LSP fires may likely contract acute toxicity hazards. Despite the limited acute clinical evidence of PAH S and DIOXIN S , their potential hazards in gas and PM-bound phases are worth noting. Our results show a practical application using pilot-scale pool fire tests through a pool-fire scaling law analysis to estimate the quantitative relationships between D in FDP S and FGP S for actual oil tank fires. This study demonstrates a pollutant linkage concept in terms of the relationship between the fuel–oil FGP source, the acute exposure pathway and the potential health risks of the receptor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Fuel (0016-2361) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 181062246
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  Data: Fire dynamics, fire generated pollutants, and acute health implications: A scaling law analysis of heavy-fuel-oil pool fires.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tsai%2C+Kuang-Chung%22">Tsai, Kuang-Chung</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> tsaikc@nkust.edu.tw</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cheng%2C+Li-Hsin%22">Cheng, Li-Hsin</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> pl033@fy.edu.tw</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yeh%2C+Chi-Fu%22">Yeh, Chi-Fu</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> wastonyeh@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tseng%2C+Tzu-Yan%22">Tseng, Tzu-Yan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> tsengty@nkust.edu.tw</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tseng%2C+Tzu-Ping%22">Tseng, Tzu-Ping</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zj955@fy.edu.tw</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Huang%2C+Li-Jen%22">Huang, Li-Jen</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> pl025@fy.edu.tw</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yeh%2C+Shu-Hsing%22">Yeh, Shu-Hsing</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> do001@fy.edu.tw</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hsu%2C+Hui-Tsung%22">Hsu, Hui-Tsung</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> hthsu@mail.cmu.edu.tw</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lin%2C+Ching-Ho%22">Lin, Ching-Ho</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> pl018@fy.edu.tw</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lai%2C+Chin-Hsing%22">Lai, Chin-Hsing</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> pl011@fy.edu.tw</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Brimblecomb%2C+Peter%22">Brimblecomb, Peter</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> pgbrim@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Ming-Jen%22">Chen, Ming-Jen</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> chenmj2000@yahoo.com</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Fuel+%280016-2361%29%22">Fuel (0016-2361)</searchLink>. Feb2025:Part A, Vol. 381, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: [Display omitted] • Fire dynamic parameters (FDP S) and fire-generated pollutants (FGP S) of heavy fuel oil depend on the pool-fire scale called oil pan diameter (D). • FDP S and FGP S are approximately proportional to D 0.5 and D 1.0 at medium-scale pool fires but approaching saturated values at large-scale pool fires. • FGP S comprise PM, VOC S , PAH S and DIOXIN S , where PM 2.5 , benzene and CO levels at large-scale pool fires can lead to acute health hazards. To assess effective acute health risks for people exposed to fuel–oil pool fires, one has to gain a detailed knowledge of how the pool-fire scale, referred to as a circular oil pan diameter (D), determines fire behaviour and associated fire-generated pollutants (FGP S). However, a lack of quantitative data relating to the effects of D on fire dynamic parameters (FDP S) and FGP S must be improved. A series of pilot-scale pool test fires of low-sulfur #6 fuel oil (LSFO6) were conducted using 1 MW and 10 MW calorimetry measurement systems for medium-scale pool (MSP, D =0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 m) and large-scale pool (LSP, D =1.1, 1.2 and 1.5 m) fire tests, respectively. During the steady-state burning phase, the time-averaged FDP S and FGP concentrations (C FGPs) were proportional to a power law of pool-fire scale (∝ D n) at MSP fires but approaching saturated values at LSP fires. The power values were n ≈ 0.5 for FDP S and n ≈ 1.0 for C FGPs. The released FGP mass was in the order: particulate matter (PM) > volatile organic compounds (VOC S) > polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH S) > dioxin-like congeners (DIOXIN S). Eighteen carcinogens were identified from FGP S. According to the reported estimates for acute airborne toxicants, people exposed to the levels of PM 2.5 (202 ± 44 mg m−3), benzene (13.9 ± 7.6 mg m−3) and CO (112 ± 21 mg m−3) at LSP fires may likely contract acute toxicity hazards. Despite the limited acute clinical evidence of PAH S and DIOXIN S , their potential hazards in gas and PM-bound phases are worth noting. Our results show a practical application using pilot-scale pool fire tests through a pool-fire scaling law analysis to estimate the quantitative relationships between D in FDP S and FGP S for actual oil tank fires. This study demonstrates a pollutant linkage concept in terms of the relationship between the fuel–oil FGP source, the acute exposure pathway and the potential health risks of the receptor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Fuel (0016-2361) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133210
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Health risk assessment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Volatile organic compounds
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Oil storage tanks
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      – SubjectFull: Chemical industry
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              Text: Feb2025:Part A
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