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Modulating phase segregation during spin‐casting of fullerene‐based polymer solar‐cell thin films upon minor addition of a high‐boiling co‐solvent.

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Title: Modulating phase segregation during spin‐casting of fullerene‐based polymer solar‐cell thin films upon minor addition of a high‐boiling co‐solvent.
Authors: Lu, Kuan-Hsun1 (AUTHOR), Wu, Wei-Ru2 (AUTHOR), Su, Chun-Jen2 (AUTHOR), Yang, Po-Wei2 (AUTHOR), Yamada, Norifumi L.3 (AUTHOR), Zhuo, Hong-Jun1 (AUTHOR), Chen, Show-An1 (AUTHOR), Chuang, Wei-Tsung2 (AUTHOR), Lan, Yi-Kang4 (AUTHOR), Su, An-Chung1 (AUTHOR) acsu@mx.nthu.edu.tw, Jeng, U-Ser1,2,5 (AUTHOR) usjeng@nsrrc.org.tw
Source: Journal of Applied Crystallography. Dec2024, Vol. 57 Issue 6, p1871-1883. 13p.
Subjects: Neutron reflectivity, Neutron scattering, Photoelectron spectroscopy, Solar cells, Methyl formate, Fullerene polymers
Abstract: The impact of additives on the nanoscale structures of spin‐cast polymer composite films, particularly in polymer solar cells, is a topic of significant interest. This study focuses on the blend film comprising poly(thieno[3,4‐b]thiophene‐alt‐benzodithiophene) (PTB7) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), exploring how additives like 1,8‐diiodooctane (DIO) influence the film structures spin‐cast from chlorobenzene solution. Combined results of specular X‐ray and neutron reflectivity, grazing‐incidence small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS and GIWAXS), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate that DIO could significantly enhance the dispersion of PC71BM and reduce composition inhomogeneity in the film. Time‐resolved GISAXS–GIWAXS with 100 ms resolution further captures a rapid spinodal decomposition of the mixture within 1 s in the constant‐evaporation stage of spin‐casting. Further combined with parallel analysis of time‐resolved UV–Vis reflectance, these findings reveal that DIO mitigates the spinodal decomposition process by accelerating solvent evaporation, which, in turn, decelerates phase segregation, leading to a nucleation‐driven process. These observations provide mechanistic insights into the role of additives in controlling the nanostructural evolution of spin‐cast films by altering the kinetics of solvent evaporation and phase separation during the spin‐coating process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Applied Crystallography is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 181259803
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Data: Modulating phase segregation during spin‐casting of fullerene‐based polymer solar‐cell thin films upon minor addition of a high‐boiling co‐solvent.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lu%2C+Kuan-Hsun%22">Lu, Kuan-Hsun</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wu%2C+Wei-Ru%22">Wu, Wei-Ru</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Su%2C+Chun-Jen%22">Su, Chun-Jen</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Po-Wei%22">Yang, Po-Wei</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yamada%2C+Norifumi+L%2E%22">Yamada, Norifumi L.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhuo%2C+Hong-Jun%22">Zhuo, Hong-Jun</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Show-An%22">Chen, Show-An</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chuang%2C+Wei-Tsung%22">Chuang, Wei-Tsung</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lan%2C+Yi-Kang%22">Lan, Yi-Kang</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Su%2C+An-Chung%22">Su, An-Chung</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> acsu@mx.nthu.edu.tw</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jeng%2C+U-Ser%22">Jeng, U-Ser</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> usjeng@nsrrc.org.tw</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neutron+reflectivity%22">Neutron reflectivity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neutron+scattering%22">Neutron scattering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photoelectron+spectroscopy%22">Photoelectron spectroscopy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+cells%22">Solar cells</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Methyl+formate%22">Methyl formate</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fullerene+polymers%22">Fullerene polymers</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The impact of additives on the nanoscale structures of spin‐cast polymer composite films, particularly in polymer solar cells, is a topic of significant interest. This study focuses on the blend film comprising poly(thieno[3,4‐b]thiophene‐alt‐benzodithiophene) (PTB7) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), exploring how additives like 1,8‐diiodooctane (DIO) influence the film structures spin‐cast from chlorobenzene solution. Combined results of specular X‐ray and neutron reflectivity, grazing‐incidence small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS and GIWAXS), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate that DIO could significantly enhance the dispersion of PC71BM and reduce composition inhomogeneity in the film. Time‐resolved GISAXS–GIWAXS with 100 ms resolution further captures a rapid spinodal decomposition of the mixture within 1 s in the constant‐evaporation stage of spin‐casting. Further combined with parallel analysis of time‐resolved UV–Vis reflectance, these findings reveal that DIO mitigates the spinodal decomposition process by accelerating solvent evaporation, which, in turn, decelerates phase segregation, leading to a nucleation‐driven process. These observations provide mechanistic insights into the role of additives in controlling the nanostructural evolution of spin‐cast films by altering the kinetics of solvent evaporation and phase separation during the spin‐coating process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Applied Crystallography is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1107/S1600576724010082
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 1871
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Neutron reflectivity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Neutron scattering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Photoelectron spectroscopy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solar cells
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Methyl formate
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      – SubjectFull: Fullerene polymers
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Modulating phase segregation during spin‐casting of fullerene‐based polymer solar‐cell thin films upon minor addition of a high‐boiling co‐solvent.
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              Text: Dec2024
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