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Sodium MRI of the skin using a surface coil to investigate and reduce signal loss and bias.

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Title: Sodium MRI of the skin using a surface coil to investigate and reduce signal loss and bias.
Authors: Zhu, Jingxuan1 (AUTHOR), Beaulieu, Christian1,2 (AUTHOR), Damji, Karim2 (AUTHOR), Stobbe, Rob1,2 (AUTHOR) rstobbe@ualberta.ca
Source: Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Mar2025, Vol. 93 Issue 3, p1176-1189. 14p.
Subjects: Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Skin imaging, Signal-to-noise ratio, Sodium, Magnetic resonance imaging
Abstract: Purpose: The purpose was to improve sodium MRI of human skin using a surface coil and twisted projection imaging with smaller, reshaped voxels. Methods: Calf skin sodium images were acquired in 14 healthy adults using twisted projection imaging with short TE ˜ 0.1 ms, first with a volume coil and voxels (1.5 × 1.5 × 15 = 34 mm3) reflecting the widely adopted skin imaging protocol (VolPencil). A 5‐cm‐diameter surface coil then facilitated 5× smaller (0.8 × 0.8 × 10 = 6.4 mm3) voxels with similar signal to noise ratio (SNR) in the same 12‐min scan time (SurfPencil). "Pencil‐shaped" voxels were then replaced with "pancake‐shaped" (0.4 × 4 × 4 = 6.4 mm3) voxels, matching the anatomy of pressed flat skin (SurfPancake). Surface coil B1 was investigated with the novel use of spin‐3/2 simulation. Protocol modifications were tested for signal increase (reduced loss) and correlation with (bias by) skin thickness. Results: Higher resolution SurfPencil yielded 44% ± 16% greater skin sodium image intensity than VolPencil, whereas SurfPancake yielded an additional 20% ± 9% (p < 1e−8), reflecting reduced signal loss. Over the 1.0 to 1.8 mm skin thickness across participants, sodium intensity significantly increased 56% ± 19% and 44% ± 12% for VolPencil and SurfPencil, respectively (p < 0.003), but not for SurfPancake, reflecting reduced bias. Imaging yielded skin sodium concentration of 34 ± 5 mM for SurfPancake. This is greater than the ˜20 mM measures from the widely adopted protocol, but simulation (matching experimental trends) identified a remaining 64% signal loss; compensation yields 95 ± 15 mM. Conclusion: Surface coil imaging and "pancake" voxel reshaping increased skin sodium intensity and reduced bias by skin thickness. Simulated loss compensation yields skin sodium concentration similar to that measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Sodium MRI of the skin using a surface coil to investigate and reduce signal loss and bias.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Zhu%2C+Jingxuan%22&quot;&gt;Zhu, Jingxuan&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Beaulieu%2C+Christian%22&quot;&gt;Beaulieu, Christian&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,2&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Damji%2C+Karim%22&quot;&gt;Damji, Karim&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;2&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Stobbe%2C+Rob%22&quot;&gt;Stobbe, Rob&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,2&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;i&gt; rstobbe@ualberta.ca&lt;/i&gt;
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Magnetic+Resonance+in+Medicine%22&quot;&gt;Magnetic Resonance in Medicine&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Mar2025, Vol. 93 Issue 3, p1176-1189. 14p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Atomic+absorption+spectroscopy%22&quot;&gt;Atomic absorption spectroscopy&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Skin+imaging%22&quot;&gt;Skin imaging&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Signal-to-noise+ratio%22&quot;&gt;Signal-to-noise ratio&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Sodium%22&quot;&gt;Sodium&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Magnetic+resonance+imaging%22&quot;&gt;Magnetic resonance imaging&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: The purpose was to improve sodium MRI of human skin using a surface coil and twisted projection imaging with smaller, reshaped voxels. Methods: Calf skin sodium images were acquired in 14 healthy adults using twisted projection imaging with short TE ˜ 0.1 ms, first with a volume coil and voxels (1.5 &#215; 1.5 &#215; 15 = 34 mm3) reflecting the widely adopted skin imaging protocol (VolPencil). A 5‐cm‐diameter surface coil then facilitated 5&#215; smaller (0.8 &#215; 0.8 &#215; 10 = 6.4 mm3) voxels with similar signal to noise ratio (SNR) in the same 12‐min scan time (SurfPencil). &quot;Pencil‐shaped&quot; voxels were then replaced with &quot;pancake‐shaped&quot; (0.4 &#215; 4 &#215; 4 = 6.4 mm3) voxels, matching the anatomy of pressed flat skin (SurfPancake). Surface coil B1 was investigated with the novel use of spin‐3/2 simulation. Protocol modifications were tested for signal increase (reduced loss) and correlation with (bias by) skin thickness. Results: Higher resolution SurfPencil yielded 44% &#177; 16% greater skin sodium image intensity than VolPencil, whereas SurfPancake yielded an additional 20% &#177; 9% (p &lt; 1e−8), reflecting reduced signal loss. Over the 1.0 to 1.8 mm skin thickness across participants, sodium intensity significantly increased 56% &#177; 19% and 44% &#177; 12% for VolPencil and SurfPencil, respectively (p &lt; 0.003), but not for SurfPancake, reflecting reduced bias. Imaging yielded skin sodium concentration of 34 &#177; 5 mM for SurfPancake. This is greater than the ˜20 mM measures from the widely adopted protocol, but simulation (matching experimental trends) identified a remaining 64% signal loss; compensation yields 95 &#177; 15 mM. Conclusion: Surface coil imaging and &quot;pancake&quot; voxel reshaping increased skin sodium intensity and reduced bias by skin thickness. Simulated loss compensation yields skin sodium concentration similar to that measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/mrm.30343
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 1176
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Atomic absorption spectroscopy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Skin imaging
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signal-to-noise ratio
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sodium
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Magnetic resonance imaging
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Sodium MRI of the skin using a surface coil to investigate and reduce signal loss and bias.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Zhu, Jingxuan
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            NameFull: Beaulieu, Christian
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            NameFull: Damji, Karim
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 03
              Text: Mar2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 93
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              Value: 3
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            – TitleFull: Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
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