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Impact of phosphonate and phosphoramidate in Si/P/triazine hybrid flame retardants on cotton flammability.

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Title: Impact of phosphonate and phosphoramidate in Si/P/triazine hybrid flame retardants on cotton flammability.
Authors: Shabani, Valbone1,2 (AUTHOR) valbone.shabani00@gmail.com, Ali, Wael1,2 (AUTHOR) ali@dtnw.de, Assfour, Bassem3 (AUTHOR), Otto, Raphael1,2 (AUTHOR), Killa, Dennis2 (AUTHOR), Caglar, Seden2 (AUTHOR), Feng, Ying2 (AUTHOR), Shin, Eui-young1,2 (AUTHOR), Gutmann, Jochen S.1,2 (AUTHOR) jochen.gutmann@uni-due.de, Mayer-Gall, Thomas1,2 (AUTHOR) mayer-gall@dtnw.de
Source: Polymer Degradation & Stability. Feb2025, Vol. 232, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Fireproofing, Fireproofing agents, Triazine derivatives, Condensed matter, Phosphonate derivatives
Abstract: • The flame retardancy of two Si/triazine-based flame retardants, phosphonate (direct bond) and phosphoramidate (nitrogen bridge), was investigated and compared in terms of their thermal behavior. • Phosphonate-based flame retardants demonstrated self-extinguishing behavior at lower concentrations compared to phosphoramidate. • Both flame retardants primarily function through condensed-phase mechanisms, with minor contributions from gas-phase activity. • Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations confirmed the decomposition pathways, ensuring alignment between experimental results and theoretical modeling. Phosphorus and nitrogen-containing flame retardants are well-known for their high efficacy when used in combination, either as separate compounds or within the same molecule. However, a detailed examination of the chemical bonding of phosphorus is needed to understand the flame behavior. To this end, two different scenarios were examined and compared with a phosphorus-free benchmark. Both scenarios contain a triazine ring and a silane-based precursor. The first scenario involves a direct bond between phosphorus and triazine (phosphonate), while the second involves a bridging of phosphorus and triazine via nitrogen (phosphoramidate). This allowed to investigate the structural effect of phosphoramidate and phosphonate of triazine derivatives on the thermal and flame retardant behavior. The flame-retardant performance and mechanism of the treated samples were investigated by means of the vertical flame test (DIN EN ISO 15025), thermogravimetric analysis and microscale combustion calorimetry, amongst others. Our research shows that triazine-based phosphonate has a better flame retarding effect on cotton than phosphoramidate at the same phosphorus concentration. Self-extinguishing characteristics was observed at a low add-on value of 0.23 mmol/g for phosphonate-based flame retardant, while a higher add-one value of 0.24 mmol/g was required in the case of phosphoramidate. The comprehensive analysis demonstrated that both flame retardants undergo mechanisms in both the gas phase and condensed phase by releasing incombustible gases and promoting the carbonization of cotton fabrics. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymer Degradation & Stability is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 182603243
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Impact of phosphonate and phosphoramidate in Si/P/triazine hybrid flame retardants on cotton flammability.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shabani%2C+Valbone%22">Shabani, Valbone</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> valbone.shabani00@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ali%2C+Wael%22">Ali, Wael</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> ali@dtnw.de</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Assfour%2C+Bassem%22">Assfour, Bassem</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Otto%2C+Raphael%22">Otto, Raphael</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Killa%2C+Dennis%22">Killa, Dennis</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Caglar%2C+Seden%22">Caglar, Seden</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Feng%2C+Ying%22">Feng, Ying</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shin%2C+Eui-young%22">Shin, Eui-young</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gutmann%2C+Jochen+S%2E%22">Gutmann, Jochen S.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jochen.gutmann@uni-due.de</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mayer-Gall%2C+Thomas%22">Mayer-Gall, Thomas</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> mayer-gall@dtnw.de</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymer+Degradation+%26+Stability%22">Polymer Degradation & Stability</searchLink>. Feb2025, Vol. 232, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fireproofing%22">Fireproofing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fireproofing+agents%22">Fireproofing agents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Triazine+derivatives%22">Triazine derivatives</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Condensed+matter%22">Condensed matter</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phosphonate+derivatives%22">Phosphonate derivatives</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: • The flame retardancy of two Si/triazine-based flame retardants, phosphonate (direct bond) and phosphoramidate (nitrogen bridge), was investigated and compared in terms of their thermal behavior. • Phosphonate-based flame retardants demonstrated self-extinguishing behavior at lower concentrations compared to phosphoramidate. • Both flame retardants primarily function through condensed-phase mechanisms, with minor contributions from gas-phase activity. • Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations confirmed the decomposition pathways, ensuring alignment between experimental results and theoretical modeling. Phosphorus and nitrogen-containing flame retardants are well-known for their high efficacy when used in combination, either as separate compounds or within the same molecule. However, a detailed examination of the chemical bonding of phosphorus is needed to understand the flame behavior. To this end, two different scenarios were examined and compared with a phosphorus-free benchmark. Both scenarios contain a triazine ring and a silane-based precursor. The first scenario involves a direct bond between phosphorus and triazine (phosphonate), while the second involves a bridging of phosphorus and triazine via nitrogen (phosphoramidate). This allowed to investigate the structural effect of phosphoramidate and phosphonate of triazine derivatives on the thermal and flame retardant behavior. The flame-retardant performance and mechanism of the treated samples were investigated by means of the vertical flame test (DIN EN ISO 15025), thermogravimetric analysis and microscale combustion calorimetry, amongst others. Our research shows that triazine-based phosphonate has a better flame retarding effect on cotton than phosphoramidate at the same phosphorus concentration. Self-extinguishing characteristics was observed at a low add-on value of 0.23 mmol/g for phosphonate-based flame retardant, while a higher add-one value of 0.24 mmol/g was required in the case of phosphoramidate. The comprehensive analysis demonstrated that both flame retardants undergo mechanisms in both the gas phase and condensed phase by releasing incombustible gases and promoting the carbonization of cotton fabrics. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymer Degradation & Stability is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.111107
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Fireproofing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fireproofing agents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Triazine derivatives
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Condensed matter
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phosphonate derivatives
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Impact of phosphonate and phosphoramidate in Si/P/triazine hybrid flame retardants on cotton flammability.
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              Text: Feb2025
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              Y: 2025
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