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Direct electrooxidation of melamine and its determination in different food samples using an anodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode.

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Title: Direct electrooxidation of melamine and its determination in different food samples using an anodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode.
Authors: Freitas, Jhonys Machado1 (AUTHOR) jhonysmf@gmail.com, Alves, Eliezer Oliveira1 (AUTHOR), Cuadrado Durango, Luis Guillermo1 (AUTHOR), Forim, Moacir Rossi1 (AUTHOR), Rocha-Filho, Romeu C.1 (AUTHOR) romeu@ufscar.br
Source: Microchemical Journal. Mar2025, Vol. 210, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Soyfoods, Time-of-flight mass spectrometers, Food adulteration, Soymilk, Food chemistry, Baby foods, Melamine
Abstract: [Display omitted] • Melamine, previously considered a non-electroactive substance, is directly oxidized. • A simple method for the determination of melamine as a food adulterant is reported. • Good recovery in real samples is attained after only a simple dilution of the sample. • High reproducibility is achieved with no need of any electrode modification. This study introduces a novel method for the direct determination of the allegedly non-electroactive substance melamine (MEL) in baby foods and soy milk using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with an anodically pretreated boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode. The mechanism for the direct oxidation of MEL was studied and a reaction involving two electrons, one proton, and an H 2 O molecule, followed by acid hydrolysis, was proposed. The oxidation product was identified and characterized, using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph hyphenated to a quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer (UHPLC-qTOF-MS/MS), to support the proposed reaction pathway. Under optimized conditions, the method yielded a strong analytical performance with a linear concentration range (R2 = 0.996) from 1.0 to 300 µmol/L (0.13 to 37.8 mg L−1) and a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 0.23 µmol/L (0.029 mg L−1). The approach required minimal sample preparation, as samples of baby foods and soy milk were mixed directly with the supporting electrolyte. The method achieved recovery values ranging from 93 % to 112 %, underscoring its practicality and reliability. This novel method offers a cost-effective and efficient alternative for the direct determination of MEL in diverse food matrices, with potential applications in routine quality control and food safety monitoring. Further exploration could expand the applicability of the method to a wider range of food and beverage samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Microchemical Journal is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 183280355
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Direct electrooxidation of melamine and its determination in different food samples using an anodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Freitas%2C+Jhonys+Machado%22">Freitas, Jhonys Machado</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jhonysmf@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alves%2C+Eliezer+Oliveira%22">Alves, Eliezer Oliveira</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cuadrado+Durango%2C+Luis+Guillermo%22">Cuadrado Durango, Luis Guillermo</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Forim%2C+Moacir+Rossi%22">Forim, Moacir Rossi</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rocha-Filho%2C+Romeu+C%2E%22">Rocha-Filho, Romeu C.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> romeu@ufscar.br</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Microchemical+Journal%22">Microchemical Journal</searchLink>. Mar2025, Vol. 210, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soyfoods%22">Soyfoods</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Time-of-flight+mass+spectrometers%22">Time-of-flight mass spectrometers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Food+adulteration%22">Food adulteration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soymilk%22">Soymilk</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Food+chemistry%22">Food chemistry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Baby+foods%22">Baby foods</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Melamine%22">Melamine</searchLink>
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  Data: [Display omitted] • Melamine, previously considered a non-electroactive substance, is directly oxidized. • A simple method for the determination of melamine as a food adulterant is reported. • Good recovery in real samples is attained after only a simple dilution of the sample. • High reproducibility is achieved with no need of any electrode modification. This study introduces a novel method for the direct determination of the allegedly non-electroactive substance melamine (MEL) in baby foods and soy milk using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with an anodically pretreated boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode. The mechanism for the direct oxidation of MEL was studied and a reaction involving two electrons, one proton, and an H 2 O molecule, followed by acid hydrolysis, was proposed. The oxidation product was identified and characterized, using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph hyphenated to a quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer (UHPLC-qTOF-MS/MS), to support the proposed reaction pathway. Under optimized conditions, the method yielded a strong analytical performance with a linear concentration range (R2 = 0.996) from 1.0 to 300 µmol/L (0.13 to 37.8 mg L−1) and a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 0.23 µmol/L (0.029 mg L−1). The approach required minimal sample preparation, as samples of baby foods and soy milk were mixed directly with the supporting electrolyte. The method achieved recovery values ranging from 93 % to 112 %, underscoring its practicality and reliability. This novel method offers a cost-effective and efficient alternative for the direct determination of MEL in diverse food matrices, with potential applications in routine quality control and food safety monitoring. Further exploration could expand the applicability of the method to a wider range of food and beverage samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Microchemical Journal is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.microc.2025.112939
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Soyfoods
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Time-of-flight mass spectrometers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Food adulteration
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soymilk
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Food chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Baby foods
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Melamine
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Direct electrooxidation of melamine and its determination in different food samples using an anodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Freitas, Jhonys Machado
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            NameFull: Alves, Eliezer Oliveira
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            NameFull: Cuadrado Durango, Luis Guillermo
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            NameFull: Forim, Moacir Rossi
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            NameFull: Rocha-Filho, Romeu C.
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            – D: 01
              M: 03
              Text: Mar2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 210
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