Achieving Superlubricity: Development of Multilayer Co-Doped DLC Coatings and Tribological Evaluation with Eco-Friendly Base Oil and Low-SAPS Oil Formulations.
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| Title: | Achieving Superlubricity: Development of Multilayer Co-Doped DLC Coatings and Tribological Evaluation with Eco-Friendly Base Oil and Low-SAPS Oil Formulations. |
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| Authors: | Haneef, Mobeen1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Evaristo, Manuel1,2 (AUTHOR), Yang, Liuquan3 (AUTHOR), Morina, Ardian1,3 (AUTHOR), Trindade, Bruno1,2 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Materials (1996-1944). Feb2025, Vol. 18 Issue 4, p847. 28p. |
| Subjects: | DC sputtering, Base oils, Mechanical wear, Phosphate esters, Magnetron sputtering, Surface coatings |
| Abstract: | To address modern tribological challenges—reducing friction and wear to conserve resources while minimising environmental impact—cobalt-doped DLC (Co-DLC) coatings were developed. These nanometric multilayer coatings, designed to retain key properties such as hardness, reduced modulus, and substrate adhesion, were fabricated using non-reactive DC magnetron sputtering (DCMS). The multilayer structure was achieved by controlling the planetary substrate holder's rotational speed. Characterisation of microscopic, chemical, structural, and mechanical properties was performed using techniques including FEI-SEM, EDS, XRD, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, scratch adhesion testing, and nanoindentation. Tribological performance was evaluated under boundary and fully flooded lubrication using PAO4 base oil and formulations with ashless, sulphur-free AW and EP additives. The coatings exhibited a granular surface morphology, columnar cross-sections, and amorphous structure. Increased dopant concentrations slightly enhanced graphitisation and significantly improved adhesion, though hardness and reduced modulus decreased. Tribological testing revealed superlubricity in several coating–oil combinations and significantly reduced wear rates with higher dopant levels and new additives. A phosphate ester additive without an amine group achieved the lowest COF values, while one with an amine group yielded minimal wear rates. These findings highlight the potential of Co-DLC coatings and tailored additives to minimise friction and wear effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 183288553 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Achieving Superlubricity: Development of Multilayer Co-Doped DLC Coatings and Tribological Evaluation with Eco-Friendly Base Oil and Low-SAPS Oil Formulations. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Haneef%2C+Mobeen%22">Haneef, Mobeen</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Evaristo%2C+Manuel%22">Evaristo, Manuel</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Liuquan%22">Yang, Liuquan</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Morina%2C+Ardian%22">Morina, Ardian</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Trindade%2C+Bruno%22">Trindade, Bruno</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Feb2025, Vol. 18 Issue 4, p847. 28p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22DC+sputtering%22">DC sputtering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Base+oils%22">Base oils</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+wear%22">Mechanical wear</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phosphate+esters%22">Phosphate esters</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Magnetron+sputtering%22">Magnetron sputtering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Surface+coatings%22">Surface coatings</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: To address modern tribological challenges—reducing friction and wear to conserve resources while minimising environmental impact—cobalt-doped DLC (Co-DLC) coatings were developed. These nanometric multilayer coatings, designed to retain key properties such as hardness, reduced modulus, and substrate adhesion, were fabricated using non-reactive DC magnetron sputtering (DCMS). The multilayer structure was achieved by controlling the planetary substrate holder's rotational speed. Characterisation of microscopic, chemical, structural, and mechanical properties was performed using techniques including FEI-SEM, EDS, XRD, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, scratch adhesion testing, and nanoindentation. Tribological performance was evaluated under boundary and fully flooded lubrication using PAO4 base oil and formulations with ashless, sulphur-free AW and EP additives. The coatings exhibited a granular surface morphology, columnar cross-sections, and amorphous structure. Increased dopant concentrations slightly enhanced graphitisation and significantly improved adhesion, though hardness and reduced modulus decreased. Tribological testing revealed superlubricity in several coating–oil combinations and significantly reduced wear rates with higher dopant levels and new additives. A phosphate ester additive without an amine group achieved the lowest COF values, while one with an amine group yielded minimal wear rates. These findings highlight the potential of Co-DLC coatings and tailored additives to minimise friction and wear effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.3390/ma18040847 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 28 StartPage: 847 Subjects: – SubjectFull: DC sputtering Type: general – SubjectFull: Base oils Type: general – SubjectFull: Mechanical wear Type: general – SubjectFull: Phosphate esters Type: general – SubjectFull: Magnetron sputtering Type: general – SubjectFull: Surface coatings Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Achieving Superlubricity: Development of Multilayer Co-Doped DLC Coatings and Tribological Evaluation with Eco-Friendly Base Oil and Low-SAPS Oil Formulations. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Haneef, Mobeen – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Evaristo, Manuel – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Yang, Liuquan – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Morina, Ardian – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Trindade, Bruno IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 15 M: 02 Text: Feb2025 Type: published Y: 2025 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 19961944 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 18 – Type: issue Value: 4 Titles: – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944) Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
