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Atmospheric Freeze Drying (AFD): Fundamentals and Innovative Approaches.

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Title: Atmospheric Freeze Drying (AFD): Fundamentals and Innovative Approaches.
Authors: Azizpour, Mehran1 (AUTHOR), Jian, Fuji1 (AUTHOR) Fuji.Jian@umanitoba.ca, Wang, Bin-Chen2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Food Reviews International. 2025, Vol. 41 Issue 3, p802-831. 30p.
Subjects: Differential scanning calorimetry, Vortex tubes, Weather, Heat pumps, Continuous processing
Abstract: Atmospheric freeze drying (AFD) is a promising alternative to conventional vacuum freeze-drying (VFD), operating under atmospheric conditions with lower energy consumption, continuous processing, and cost-effectiveness, especially in cold climates. However, AFD faces challenges such as prolonged drying time, product shrinkage, and ice thawing. These issues are addressed through hybrid techniques incorporating thermal or mechanical energy to enhance drying efficiency. This review paper presentes recent advancements in AFD by examining its fundamental principles underlying the process and innovative approaches designed to improve its efficiency. The application of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the development of state diagrams have been discussed as tools for analyzing thermal characteristics and designing efficient drying regimes. The review also explores the influence of process parameters such as drying temperature, air velocity, and sample characteristics on drying kinetics and product attributes, offering insights into optimal conditions. Hybrid approaches, including heat pumps, vortex tubes, expanders, ultrasonic and microwave assistance, adsorbent usage, and fluidization, have shown significant energy savings and product quality improvements. Finally, the predominant modeling approaches employed in AFD have been explored to provide a comprehensive understanding of drying kinetics. Despite advancements, ongoing research is needed to overcome technical barriers and extend AFD's applicability across various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Food Reviews International is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Atmospheric Freeze Drying (AFD): Fundamentals and Innovative Approaches.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Azizpour%2C+Mehran%22">Azizpour, Mehran</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jian%2C+Fuji%22">Jian, Fuji</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> Fuji.Jian@umanitoba.ca</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Bin-Chen%22">Wang, Bin-Chen</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Food+Reviews+International%22">Food Reviews International</searchLink>. 2025, Vol. 41 Issue 3, p802-831. 30p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Differential+scanning+calorimetry%22">Differential scanning calorimetry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vortex+tubes%22">Vortex tubes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Weather%22">Weather</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+pumps%22">Heat pumps</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Continuous+processing%22">Continuous processing</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Atmospheric freeze drying (AFD) is a promising alternative to conventional vacuum freeze-drying (VFD), operating under atmospheric conditions with lower energy consumption, continuous processing, and cost-effectiveness, especially in cold climates. However, AFD faces challenges such as prolonged drying time, product shrinkage, and ice thawing. These issues are addressed through hybrid techniques incorporating thermal or mechanical energy to enhance drying efficiency. This review paper presentes recent advancements in AFD by examining its fundamental principles underlying the process and innovative approaches designed to improve its efficiency. The application of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the development of state diagrams have been discussed as tools for analyzing thermal characteristics and designing efficient drying regimes. The review also explores the influence of process parameters such as drying temperature, air velocity, and sample characteristics on drying kinetics and product attributes, offering insights into optimal conditions. Hybrid approaches, including heat pumps, vortex tubes, expanders, ultrasonic and microwave assistance, adsorbent usage, and fluidization, have shown significant energy savings and product quality improvements. Finally, the predominant modeling approaches employed in AFD have been explored to provide a comprehensive understanding of drying kinetics. Despite advancements, ongoing research is needed to overcome technical barriers and extend AFD's applicability across various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Food Reviews International is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1080/87559129.2024.2421227
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 30
        StartPage: 802
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      – SubjectFull: Differential scanning calorimetry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Vortex tubes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Weather
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Heat pumps
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      – SubjectFull: Continuous processing
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Atmospheric Freeze Drying (AFD): Fundamentals and Innovative Approaches.
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            – D: 01
              M: 04
              Text: 2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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