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A 2D detector array for relative dosimetry and beam steering for FLASH radiotherapy with electrons.

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Title: A 2D detector array for relative dosimetry and beam steering for FLASH radiotherapy with electrons.
Authors: Schönfeld, Andreas A.1 (AUTHOR) aschoenfeld@mirion.com, Hildreth, Jeff1 (AUTHOR), Bourgouin, Alexandra2,3 (AUTHOR), Flatten, Veronika1 (AUTHOR), Kozelka, Jakub1 (AUTHOR), Simon, William1 (AUTHOR), Schüller, Andreas2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Medical Physics. Mar2025, Vol. 52 Issue 3, p1845-1857. 13p.
Subjects: Electron beams, Beam steering, Measurement, Medical dosimetry, Sensor arrays, Radiotherapy, Quality control
Abstract: Background: FLASH radiotherapy is an emerging treatment modality using ultra‐high dose rate beams. Much effort has been made to develop suitable dosimeters for reference dosimetry, yet the spatial beam characteristics must also be characterized to enable computerized treatment planning, as well as quality control and service of a treatment delivery device. In conventional radiation therapy, this is commonly achieved by beam profile scans in a water phantom using a point detector. In ultra‐high dose rate beams, the delivered dose needed for a set of beam profile scans may exceed the regulatory dose limit specified for a typical treatment room, or degrade components of the scanning system and scanning detector. Point detector scans also cannot quantify the pulse‐to‐pulse stability of a beam profile. Detector arrays can overcome these challenges, but to date, no detector arrays suitable for ultra‐high dose rate beams are commercially available. Purpose: The study presents the development and characterization of a two‐dimensional detector array for measuring pulse‐resolved spatial fluence distributions in real‐time and temporal structure of intra‐pulse dose rate of ultra‐high pulsed dose rate (UHPDR) electron beams used in FLASH radiotherapy. Methods: The performance of the SunPoint 1 diode was evaluated by measuring the response of the EDGE Detector in a 20 MeV UHPDR electron beam with a dose per pulse of 0.04 Gy – 6 Gy at a pulse duration of 1 µs or 1.9 µs, and instantaneous dose rates of 0.040 – 3.2 MGy·s−1. Based on the findings regarding a suitable signal acquisition technique, a PROFILER 2 detector array made of SunPoint 1 diodes was then modified by minimizing trace resistance, applying a reverse bias, and implementing an RC component to each diode to optimize the transfer of the collected charge during a pulse. The resultant "FLASH Profiler" was then tested in the same UHPDR electron beam. Results: The FLASH Profiler exhibited a linear response within ± 3% deviation over the investigated dose per pulse range. The FLASH Profiler array showed good agreement with the absolute dose measured using a flashDiamond point detector and an integrating current transformer for dose‐per‐pulse values of up to 6 Gy. The FLASH Profiler was able to measure lateral beam profiles in real‐time and on a single‐pulse basis. The ability to capture and display the profiles during steering of UHPDR beams was demonstrated. The SunPoint 1 diode was able to measure the pulse duration and the intra‐pulse dose rate with a time resolution of 4 ns. Conclusion: The FLASH Profiler could be used for characterizing UHPDR electron beams and facilitating quality control and beam steering service of electron FLASH irradiators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Medical Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: A 2D detector array for relative dosimetry and beam steering for FLASH radiotherapy with electrons.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schönfeld%2C+Andreas+A%2E%22">Schönfeld, Andreas A.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> aschoenfeld@mirion.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hildreth%2C+Jeff%22">Hildreth, Jeff</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bourgouin%2C+Alexandra%22">Bourgouin, Alexandra</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Flatten%2C+Veronika%22">Flatten, Veronika</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kozelka%2C+Jakub%22">Kozelka, Jakub</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Simon%2C+William%22">Simon, William</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schüller%2C+Andreas%22">Schüller, Andreas</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Medical+Physics%22">Medical Physics</searchLink>. Mar2025, Vol. 52 Issue 3, p1845-1857. 13p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electron+beams%22">Electron beams</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Beam+steering%22">Beam steering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Measurement%22">Measurement</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+dosimetry%22">Medical dosimetry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sensor+arrays%22">Sensor arrays</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Radiotherapy%22">Radiotherapy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Quality+control%22">Quality control</searchLink>
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  Data: Background: FLASH radiotherapy is an emerging treatment modality using ultra‐high dose rate beams. Much effort has been made to develop suitable dosimeters for reference dosimetry, yet the spatial beam characteristics must also be characterized to enable computerized treatment planning, as well as quality control and service of a treatment delivery device. In conventional radiation therapy, this is commonly achieved by beam profile scans in a water phantom using a point detector. In ultra‐high dose rate beams, the delivered dose needed for a set of beam profile scans may exceed the regulatory dose limit specified for a typical treatment room, or degrade components of the scanning system and scanning detector. Point detector scans also cannot quantify the pulse‐to‐pulse stability of a beam profile. Detector arrays can overcome these challenges, but to date, no detector arrays suitable for ultra‐high dose rate beams are commercially available. Purpose: The study presents the development and characterization of a two‐dimensional detector array for measuring pulse‐resolved spatial fluence distributions in real‐time and temporal structure of intra‐pulse dose rate of ultra‐high pulsed dose rate (UHPDR) electron beams used in FLASH radiotherapy. Methods: The performance of the SunPoint 1 diode was evaluated by measuring the response of the EDGE Detector in a 20 MeV UHPDR electron beam with a dose per pulse of 0.04 Gy – 6 Gy at a pulse duration of 1 µs or 1.9 µs, and instantaneous dose rates of 0.040 – 3.2 MGy·s−1. Based on the findings regarding a suitable signal acquisition technique, a PROFILER 2 detector array made of SunPoint 1 diodes was then modified by minimizing trace resistance, applying a reverse bias, and implementing an RC component to each diode to optimize the transfer of the collected charge during a pulse. The resultant "FLASH Profiler" was then tested in the same UHPDR electron beam. Results: The FLASH Profiler exhibited a linear response within ± 3% deviation over the investigated dose per pulse range. The FLASH Profiler array showed good agreement with the absolute dose measured using a flashDiamond point detector and an integrating current transformer for dose‐per‐pulse values of up to 6 Gy. The FLASH Profiler was able to measure lateral beam profiles in real‐time and on a single‐pulse basis. The ability to capture and display the profiles during steering of UHPDR beams was demonstrated. The SunPoint 1 diode was able to measure the pulse duration and the intra‐pulse dose rate with a time resolution of 4 ns. Conclusion: The FLASH Profiler could be used for characterizing UHPDR electron beams and facilitating quality control and beam steering service of electron FLASH irradiators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Medical Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/mp.17573
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 1845
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Electron beams
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Beam steering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Measurement
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Medical dosimetry
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      – SubjectFull: Sensor arrays
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      – SubjectFull: Radiotherapy
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      – SubjectFull: Quality control
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      – TitleFull: A 2D detector array for relative dosimetry and beam steering for FLASH radiotherapy with electrons.
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              M: 03
              Text: Mar2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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