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Exploring Sex-Based Variations in Head Kinematics During Soccer Heading.

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Title: Exploring Sex-Based Variations in Head Kinematics During Soccer Heading.
Authors: Abbasi Ghiri, Alireza1 (AUTHOR), Seidi, Morteza1 (AUTHOR), Wallace, James2 (AUTHOR), Cheever, Kelly3 (AUTHOR), Memar, Marzieh2 (AUTHOR) marzieh.memar@utsa.edu
Source: Annals of Biomedical Engineering. Apr2025, Vol. 53 Issue 4, p891-907. 17p.
Subjects: Women soccer players, Linear acceleration, Angular acceleration, Brain injuries, Pearson correlation (Statistics)
Abstract: While studies indicate that females experience a higher concussion risk and more severe outcomes in soccer heading compared to males, comprehensive data on the underlying factors contributing to these sex-based differences are lacking. This study investigates the sex differences in the head-to-ball impact kinematics among college-aged soccer headers in a laboratory-controlled setting. Forty subjects (20 females, 20 males) performed ten headers, and impact kinematics, including peak angular acceleration and velocity (PAA, PAV) and peak linear acceleration (PLA), were measured using mouthguards. Video recordings verified impacts and impact locations. Participants' head mass was estimated from their weights. The relationship between head mass and kinematic parameters was analyzed using Pearson correlation. The effects of head mass, sex, and impact location on kinematic parameters were assessed using MANOVA with and without head mass as a covariate. Results showed that head mass, larger in males than females, significantly affects PAA and PLA, the greater the head mass, the lower PAA and PLA. However, head mass has no effect on PAV. Females showed significantly higher PAA and PLA components but no significant differences in PAV. Impact location significantly influenced PAV, showing higher magnitudes for frontal impacts compared to top-front impacts, with no significant effects on PAA and PLA. Our results agree with epidemiological evidence that female soccer players face greater concussion risks than males, which can be attributed to their higher header-induced PAA. Future research could consider interventions like changing ball pressure, using protective headgear, and improving heading techniques to reduce high-magnitude accelerations in females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Annals of Biomedical Engineering is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Exploring Sex-Based Variations in Head Kinematics During Soccer Heading.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Annals+of+Biomedical+Engineering%22">Annals of Biomedical Engineering</searchLink>. Apr2025, Vol. 53 Issue 4, p891-907. 17p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Women+soccer+players%22">Women soccer players</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Linear+acceleration%22">Linear acceleration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Angular+acceleration%22">Angular acceleration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Brain+injuries%22">Brain injuries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pearson+correlation+%28Statistics%29%22">Pearson correlation (Statistics)</searchLink>
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  Data: While studies indicate that females experience a higher concussion risk and more severe outcomes in soccer heading compared to males, comprehensive data on the underlying factors contributing to these sex-based differences are lacking. This study investigates the sex differences in the head-to-ball impact kinematics among college-aged soccer headers in a laboratory-controlled setting. Forty subjects (20 females, 20 males) performed ten headers, and impact kinematics, including peak angular acceleration and velocity (PAA, PAV) and peak linear acceleration (PLA), were measured using mouthguards. Video recordings verified impacts and impact locations. Participants' head mass was estimated from their weights. The relationship between head mass and kinematic parameters was analyzed using Pearson correlation. The effects of head mass, sex, and impact location on kinematic parameters were assessed using MANOVA with and without head mass as a covariate. Results showed that head mass, larger in males than females, significantly affects PAA and PLA, the greater the head mass, the lower PAA and PLA. However, head mass has no effect on PAV. Females showed significantly higher PAA and PLA components but no significant differences in PAV. Impact location significantly influenced PAV, showing higher magnitudes for frontal impacts compared to top-front impacts, with no significant effects on PAA and PLA. Our results agree with epidemiological evidence that female soccer players face greater concussion risks than males, which can be attributed to their higher header-induced PAA. Future research could consider interventions like changing ball pressure, using protective headgear, and improving heading techniques to reduce high-magnitude accelerations in females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Annals of Biomedical Engineering is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Linear acceleration
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      – SubjectFull: Angular acceleration
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      – SubjectFull: Brain injuries
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              M: 04
              Text: Apr2025
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