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Evaluation of the effect of coupling agent on the kinetic and mechanical properties of a 3D printable dual curing epoxy/acrylate system.

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Title: Evaluation of the effect of coupling agent on the kinetic and mechanical properties of a 3D printable dual curing epoxy/acrylate system.
Authors: Escriba-Flores, A.A.1 (AUTHOR) armandoalfredo.escriba@urv.cat, Fernández-Francos, X.2 (AUTHOR) xavier.fernandez@upc.edu, Ferrando, F.1 (AUTHOR) f.ferrando@urv.cat, Fabregat-Sanjuan, A.1 (AUTHOR) a.fabregat@urv.cat
Source: European Polymer Journal. Apr2025, Vol. 229, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Coupling agents (Chemistry), Mechanical behavior of materials, Manufacturing processes, Three-dimensional printing, 3-D printers
Abstract: [Display omitted] • Developed a dual-curing, low-viscosity resin for 3D printing using vat photopolymerization. • Studied coupling agent effects on material properties in green and final states. • Achieved high tensile strength after thermal curing of printed parts. • Enabled complex geometries by combining 3D printing with forming processes. • Performed tensile and shear tests, showing strong joint performance. In recent years, the use of vat photopolymerization in additive manufacturing technology has created a prominent potential in the world manufacturing industry due to its adaptability and quick production capabilities. However, a challenge faced by this technology is creating large-sized parts and ensuring the geometric versatility of processed parts. The physical and mechanical properties of existing materials limit their processing, affecting their final applications. Moreover, dual-curing systems allow new possibilities to 3D printing if shape geometry is changed after the first curing stage and fixed in the second curing stage. This study aims to address these challenges by developing a dual-curing system involving epoxy/acrylic resins. We assess the kinetic and mechanical behavior, focusing on variations in the network coupling agent. The initial curing stage of a low viscous formulation, achieved through processing on a DLP 3D printer (partially cured), produces a flexible material allowing deformations up to 160 %. The second curing stage, achieved through thermal treatment, transforms the material into a rigid system with an impressive maximum tensile strength close to 80 MPa. We compare the contribution of the bonding agent in partial and total cured states. Comprehensive mechanical tests have been performed, including tension and shear evaluations. Results have been favorably aligned with relevant literature. The dual-curing approach shows promise in expanding 3D printing vat photopolymerization applications, providing new design and manufacturing possibilities by enhancing material availability. Our findings emphasize the benefits of the dual-curing system, including low viscosity, shape manipulation during intermediate curing that allows complex geometries with fast procedures and without the need of supports and exceptional strength and durability achieved in the final curing phase. Results on mechanical characterization in joints show that dual curing resins could be attractive in applications where different parts must be joined and precise alignment and structural integrity are crucial. The main reason for that is the interaction with the bonding agent in each state of the dual curing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of European Polymer Journal is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 184196058
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Evaluation of the effect of coupling agent on the kinetic and mechanical properties of a 3D printable dual curing epoxy/acrylate system.
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  Data: [Display omitted] • Developed a dual-curing, low-viscosity resin for 3D printing using vat photopolymerization. • Studied coupling agent effects on material properties in green and final states. • Achieved high tensile strength after thermal curing of printed parts. • Enabled complex geometries by combining 3D printing with forming processes. • Performed tensile and shear tests, showing strong joint performance. In recent years, the use of vat photopolymerization in additive manufacturing technology has created a prominent potential in the world manufacturing industry due to its adaptability and quick production capabilities. However, a challenge faced by this technology is creating large-sized parts and ensuring the geometric versatility of processed parts. The physical and mechanical properties of existing materials limit their processing, affecting their final applications. Moreover, dual-curing systems allow new possibilities to 3D printing if shape geometry is changed after the first curing stage and fixed in the second curing stage. This study aims to address these challenges by developing a dual-curing system involving epoxy/acrylic resins. We assess the kinetic and mechanical behavior, focusing on variations in the network coupling agent. The initial curing stage of a low viscous formulation, achieved through processing on a DLP 3D printer (partially cured), produces a flexible material allowing deformations up to 160 %. The second curing stage, achieved through thermal treatment, transforms the material into a rigid system with an impressive maximum tensile strength close to 80 MPa. We compare the contribution of the bonding agent in partial and total cured states. Comprehensive mechanical tests have been performed, including tension and shear evaluations. Results have been favorably aligned with relevant literature. The dual-curing approach shows promise in expanding 3D printing vat photopolymerization applications, providing new design and manufacturing possibilities by enhancing material availability. Our findings emphasize the benefits of the dual-curing system, including low viscosity, shape manipulation during intermediate curing that allows complex geometries with fast procedures and without the need of supports and exceptional strength and durability achieved in the final curing phase. Results on mechanical characterization in joints show that dual curing resins could be attractive in applications where different parts must be joined and precise alignment and structural integrity are crucial. The main reason for that is the interaction with the bonding agent in each state of the dual curing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of European Polymer Journal is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113878
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
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      – SubjectFull: Manufacturing processes
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      – SubjectFull: Three-dimensional printing
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      – SubjectFull: 3-D printers
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      – TitleFull: Evaluation of the effect of coupling agent on the kinetic and mechanical properties of a 3D printable dual curing epoxy/acrylate system.
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              Text: Apr2025
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