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Statistical measures on digital phase generation and transmission through alkali-metal vapours: a tutorial study.

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Title: Statistical measures on digital phase generation and transmission through alkali-metal vapours: a tutorial study.
Authors: Alhasan, Abu Mohamed1,2 (AUTHOR) am.alhasan.sq@gmail.com, Abdulrhmann, Salah3 (AUTHOR) sabdulrhmann@jazanu.edu.sa
Source: Pramana: Journal of Physics. Jun2025, Vol. 99 Issue 2, p1-13. 13p.
Subjects: Angular momentum (Mechanics), Hyperfine coupling, Hyperfine structure, Alkali metals, Maxwell equations
Abstract: This paper explores the statistical measure features of digital phase transfer among multilevel atoms, such as alkali metals with hyperfine structures. The excitation fields constitute a train of probe pulses and a single drive field. We have provided two schemes for the mechanism of excitation dynamics. In the first scheme, the pulses are frequency swept across the upper hyperfine splitting of the excited atomic states. In the second scheme, the pulses are tuned to the upper hyperfine level with a high angular momentum, allowing strong absorption of pulses. The phases of the propagating pulses are rectangular shapes with well-separated boundaries, especially in the second scheme. We address the notion of phase entropy to study the influence of sweeping on the statistics of the generated phases and select definite phases with desired features. The estimated phase entropy exposes local maximum entropy and minimum entropy. In the second scheme, we have extended the pulses in time. Therefore, the phase distributions are rich. The features of the digital distributions of rectangular phases have not been obtained manually. We have addressed math criteria to distinguish the digital phase's features across propagation. Randomness tests and randomness generation have been evaluated on the time-dependent discrete phase sequences. We expect the proposed generation and transmission of randomised discrete phases to be used in quantum applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Pramana: Journal of Physics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Statistical measures on digital phase generation and transmission through alkali-metal vapours: a tutorial study.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alhasan%2C+Abu+Mohamed%22">Alhasan, Abu Mohamed</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> am.alhasan.sq@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Abdulrhmann%2C+Salah%22">Abdulrhmann, Salah</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> sabdulrhmann@jazanu.edu.sa</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Pramana%3A+Journal+of+Physics%22">Pramana: Journal of Physics</searchLink>. Jun2025, Vol. 99 Issue 2, p1-13. 13p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Angular+momentum+%28Mechanics%29%22">Angular momentum (Mechanics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hyperfine+coupling%22">Hyperfine coupling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hyperfine+structure%22">Hyperfine structure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Alkali+metals%22">Alkali metals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Maxwell+equations%22">Maxwell equations</searchLink>
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  Data: This paper explores the statistical measure features of digital phase transfer among multilevel atoms, such as alkali metals with hyperfine structures. The excitation fields constitute a train of probe pulses and a single drive field. We have provided two schemes for the mechanism of excitation dynamics. In the first scheme, the pulses are frequency swept across the upper hyperfine splitting of the excited atomic states. In the second scheme, the pulses are tuned to the upper hyperfine level with a high angular momentum, allowing strong absorption of pulses. The phases of the propagating pulses are rectangular shapes with well-separated boundaries, especially in the second scheme. We address the notion of phase entropy to study the influence of sweeping on the statistics of the generated phases and select definite phases with desired features. The estimated phase entropy exposes local maximum entropy and minimum entropy. In the second scheme, we have extended the pulses in time. Therefore, the phase distributions are rich. The features of the digital distributions of rectangular phases have not been obtained manually. We have addressed math criteria to distinguish the digital phase's features across propagation. Randomness tests and randomness generation have been evaluated on the time-dependent discrete phase sequences. We expect the proposed generation and transmission of randomised discrete phases to be used in quantum applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Pramana: Journal of Physics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s12043-025-02894-8
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 13
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Angular momentum (Mechanics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hyperfine coupling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hyperfine structure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Alkali metals
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      – SubjectFull: Maxwell equations
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      – TitleFull: Statistical measures on digital phase generation and transmission through alkali-metal vapours: a tutorial study.
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              M: 06
              Text: Jun2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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