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Temporal analysis of land cover change in Ayapel's alluvial gold mining zones, Colombia.

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Title: Temporal analysis of land cover change in Ayapel's alluvial gold mining zones, Colombia.
Alternate Title: Análisis temporal del cambio de coberturas terrestres en zonas de minería de oro de aluvión en Ayapel, Colombia.
Authors: Herrera, Maura Melissa1 maura.herrera@udea.edu.co, Fernández, David Stephen1 david.fernandez@udea.edu.co, de Jesús Vélez, Fabio1 fabio.velez@udea.edu.co, Jaime Aguirre, Néstor1 nestor.aguirre@udea.edu.co
Source: Earth Sciences Research Journal. Mar2025, Vol. 29 Issue 1, p1-13. 13p.
Subjects: Sequential pattern mining, Ecological restoration monitoring, Gold mining, Remote-sensing images, Landsat satellites, Land cover
Abstract (English): Alluvial gold mining has been a longstanding economic activity in the municipality of Ayapel, Córdoba, dating back to the colonial era, as noted by historians. However, most of this mining has occurred outside legal frameworks, often facilitated by the presence of lawless groups. This illegality complicates efforts to monitor and implement ecological restoration plans in the area. Additionally, the municipality of Ayapel is home to a significant natural asset: La Ciénaga de Ayapel. Designated as a RAMSAR site since 2018, this wetland holds international recognition for its ecological importance. However, it faces the threat of contamination from the nearby mining activities. Therefore, monitoring this mining activity becomes a crucial point to ensure, among other components, the care of La Ciénaga de Ayapel. The objective of this study is to analyze land cover changes in areas affected by alluvial mining between 1985 and 2020, using Landsat images, digital image processing techniques, unsupervised classification, and sequential pattern mining for the multitemporal analisys. Regarding the analysis conducted for the study area, encompassing the Quebradona microbasin in the municipality of Ayapel, for the years 1985 to 2020, there was an increase in mining activity of 503 ha, equivalent to 12 times that of 1985, with a peak in 2010, 54 times the 1985 levels. Bare soil, on the other hand, increased by 96% by 2020. As for vegetation cover, dense or high vegetation remained relatively constant over time, going from 2434 ha in 1985 to 2446 ha in 2020. Low vegetation, typically corresponding to grasslands, increased from occupying 3855 ha in 1985 to 5859 ha by 2020. Medium vegetation decreased by 25% compared to 1985, going from 7588 ha to 5674 ha by 2020. Finally, compared to 2010, there was a 14% increase or recovery in medium vegetation, and high vegetation saw a 5% recovery. It is important to highlight that the images from 1989 and 2013 exhibited a significant presence of cloud cover, which led to an underestimation of the area classified for each type of land cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Abstract (Spanish): La minería de oro de aluvión ha sido una actividad económica de larga data en el municipio de Ayapel, Córdoba, con antecedentes que se remontan a la época colonial, según lo señalan los historiadores. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de esta minería ha ocurrido fuera de los marcos legales, a menudo facilitada por la presencia de grupos al margen de la ley. Esta ilegalidad dificulta los esfuerzos de monitoreo y la implementación de planes de restauración ecológica en la zona. Además, el municipio de Ayapel alberga un importante recurso natural: La Ciénaga de Ayapel. Este humedal ha sido designado como sitio RAMSAR desde 2018, lo que le otorga reconocimiento internacional por su importancia ecológica. No obstante, enfrenta la amenaza de contaminación debido a las actividades mineras cercanas. Por lo tanto, el monitoreo de esta actividad minera se vuelve un aspecto crucial para garantizar, entre otros elementos, la protección de La Ciénaga de Ayapel. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los cambios en la cobertura terrestre en las áreas afectadas por la minería aluvial entre 1985 y 2020, utilizando imágenes Landsat, técnicas de procesamiento digital de imágenes, clasificación no supervisada y minería de patrones secuenciales para el análisis multitemporal. En cuanto al análisis realizado en la zona de estudio, que abarca la microcuenca Quebradona en el municipio de Ayapel, se observó un incremento en la actividad minera de 503 ha entre los años 1985 y 2020, lo que equivale a 12 veces la extensión de 1985, alcanzando un pico en 2010, cuando la actividad minera fue 54 veces mayor que en 1985. Por otro lado, el suelo desnudo aumentó en un 96% para 2020. En cuanto a la cobertura vegetal, la vegetación densa o alta se mantuvo relativamente constante a lo largo del tiempo, pasando de 2434 ha en 1985 a 2446 ha en 2020. La vegetación baja, que generalmente corresponde a pastizales, creció de 3855 ha en 1985 a 5859 ha en 2020. En contraste, la vegetación media disminuyó en un 25% respecto a 1985, pasando de 7588 ha a 5674 ha en 2020. Finalmente, en comparación con 2010, se evidenció una recuperación del 14% en la vegetación media y un 5% en la vegetación alta. Es importante destacar que las imágenes de los años 1989 y 2013 mostraron una presencia significativa de nubosidad, lo que llevó a una subestimación en la clasificación del área para cada tipo de cobertura terrestre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Earth Sciences Research Journal is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Temporal analysis of land cover change in Ayapel's alluvial gold mining zones, Colombia.
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  Data: Análisis temporal del cambio de coberturas terrestres en zonas de minería de oro de aluvión en Ayapel, Colombia.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Herrera%2C+Maura+Melissa%22">Herrera, Maura Melissa</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> maura.herrera@udea.edu.co</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fernández%2C+David+Stephen%22">Fernández, David Stephen</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> david.fernandez@udea.edu.co</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22de+Jesús+Vélez%2C+Fabio%22">de Jesús Vélez, Fabio</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> fabio.velez@udea.edu.co</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jaime+Aguirre%2C+Néstor%22">Jaime Aguirre, Néstor</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> nestor.aguirre@udea.edu.co</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sequential+pattern+mining%22">Sequential pattern mining</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ecological+restoration+monitoring%22">Ecological restoration monitoring</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gold+mining%22">Gold mining</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Remote-sensing+images%22">Remote-sensing images</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Landsat+satellites%22">Landsat satellites</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Land+cover%22">Land cover</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract (English)
  Group: Ab
  Data: Alluvial gold mining has been a longstanding economic activity in the municipality of Ayapel, Córdoba, dating back to the colonial era, as noted by historians. However, most of this mining has occurred outside legal frameworks, often facilitated by the presence of lawless groups. This illegality complicates efforts to monitor and implement ecological restoration plans in the area. Additionally, the municipality of Ayapel is home to a significant natural asset: La Ciénaga de Ayapel. Designated as a RAMSAR site since 2018, this wetland holds international recognition for its ecological importance. However, it faces the threat of contamination from the nearby mining activities. Therefore, monitoring this mining activity becomes a crucial point to ensure, among other components, the care of La Ciénaga de Ayapel. The objective of this study is to analyze land cover changes in areas affected by alluvial mining between 1985 and 2020, using Landsat images, digital image processing techniques, unsupervised classification, and sequential pattern mining for the multitemporal analisys. Regarding the analysis conducted for the study area, encompassing the Quebradona microbasin in the municipality of Ayapel, for the years 1985 to 2020, there was an increase in mining activity of 503 ha, equivalent to 12 times that of 1985, with a peak in 2010, 54 times the 1985 levels. Bare soil, on the other hand, increased by 96% by 2020. As for vegetation cover, dense or high vegetation remained relatively constant over time, going from 2434 ha in 1985 to 2446 ha in 2020. Low vegetation, typically corresponding to grasslands, increased from occupying 3855 ha in 1985 to 5859 ha by 2020. Medium vegetation decreased by 25% compared to 1985, going from 7588 ha to 5674 ha by 2020. Finally, compared to 2010, there was a 14% increase or recovery in medium vegetation, and high vegetation saw a 5% recovery. It is important to highlight that the images from 1989 and 2013 exhibited a significant presence of cloud cover, which led to an underestimation of the area classified for each type of land cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract (Spanish)
  Group: Ab
  Data: La minería de oro de aluvión ha sido una actividad económica de larga data en el municipio de Ayapel, Córdoba, con antecedentes que se remontan a la época colonial, según lo señalan los historiadores. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de esta minería ha ocurrido fuera de los marcos legales, a menudo facilitada por la presencia de grupos al margen de la ley. Esta ilegalidad dificulta los esfuerzos de monitoreo y la implementación de planes de restauración ecológica en la zona. Además, el municipio de Ayapel alberga un importante recurso natural: La Ciénaga de Ayapel. Este humedal ha sido designado como sitio RAMSAR desde 2018, lo que le otorga reconocimiento internacional por su importancia ecológica. No obstante, enfrenta la amenaza de contaminación debido a las actividades mineras cercanas. Por lo tanto, el monitoreo de esta actividad minera se vuelve un aspecto crucial para garantizar, entre otros elementos, la protección de La Ciénaga de Ayapel. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los cambios en la cobertura terrestre en las áreas afectadas por la minería aluvial entre 1985 y 2020, utilizando imágenes Landsat, técnicas de procesamiento digital de imágenes, clasificación no supervisada y minería de patrones secuenciales para el análisis multitemporal. En cuanto al análisis realizado en la zona de estudio, que abarca la microcuenca Quebradona en el municipio de Ayapel, se observó un incremento en la actividad minera de 503 ha entre los años 1985 y 2020, lo que equivale a 12 veces la extensión de 1985, alcanzando un pico en 2010, cuando la actividad minera fue 54 veces mayor que en 1985. Por otro lado, el suelo desnudo aumentó en un 96% para 2020. En cuanto a la cobertura vegetal, la vegetación densa o alta se mantuvo relativamente constante a lo largo del tiempo, pasando de 2434 ha en 1985 a 2446 ha en 2020. La vegetación baja, que generalmente corresponde a pastizales, creció de 3855 ha en 1985 a 5859 ha en 2020. En contraste, la vegetación media disminuyó en un 25% respecto a 1985, pasando de 7588 ha a 5674 ha en 2020. Finalmente, en comparación con 2010, se evidenció una recuperación del 14% en la vegetación media y un 5% en la vegetación alta. Es importante destacar que las imágenes de los años 1989 y 2013 mostraron una presencia significativa de nubosidad, lo que llevó a una subestimación en la clasificación del área para cada tipo de cobertura terrestre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Earth Sciences Research Journal is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – SubjectFull: Gold mining
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              Text: Mar2025
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