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Synergism in the devulcanization of rubber in a closed vessel microwave using HNO3 and H2O2.

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Title: Synergism in the devulcanization of rubber in a closed vessel microwave using HNO3 and H2O2.
Authors: Valdés, Cristian1,2 cvaldesv@ucm.cl, Guzmán, Valentina3, Ponce, Camila3, Mamani, Maribel3, Guevara, Juan4, Vergara, Claudia5, Andler, Rodrigo2
Source: Express Polymer Letters. Jun2025, Vol. 19 Issue 6, p594-609. 16p.
Subjects: Rubber waste, Oxidizing agents, Hydrogen peroxide, Chemical reactions, Nitric acid
Abstract: Waste rubber disposal causes considerable negative environmental impacts due to its increase worldwide, mainly in the automotive industry. Therefore, the search for technological solutions for rubber waste is a priority, and the first step in this material degradation is devulcanization due to its difficult degradation. This study evaluated rubber devulcanization using a closed vessel microwave digestion system with nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through chemical characterization, aiming at verifying the synergistic effect between these oxidizing agents. Microwave irradiation was applied as a heating method to facilitate the chemical reactions, focusing on the synergism between HNO3 and H2O2. Results showed that 5 M H2O2 in combination with 1% HNO3, presented better results. A greater decrease in cross-link density was demonstrated as the concentration of H2O2 increased (3.96·10-5±1.99·10-6 mol/cm³), likewise, higher sulfates released (926.8±53.4 mg/L), increased mass loss (12.184±1.06%), rubber surface fragmentation, and important variations in the C-S, C=O bands, showing better results when devulcanization is carried out in synergism between HNO3 and H2O2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Express Polymer Letters is the property of Budapest University of Technology & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Express+Polymer+Letters%22">Express Polymer Letters</searchLink>. Jun2025, Vol. 19 Issue 6, p594-609. 16p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rubber+waste%22">Rubber waste</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Oxidizing+agents%22">Oxidizing agents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrogen+peroxide%22">Hydrogen peroxide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+reactions%22">Chemical reactions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nitric+acid%22">Nitric acid</searchLink>
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  Data: Waste rubber disposal causes considerable negative environmental impacts due to its increase worldwide, mainly in the automotive industry. Therefore, the search for technological solutions for rubber waste is a priority, and the first step in this material degradation is devulcanization due to its difficult degradation. This study evaluated rubber devulcanization using a closed vessel microwave digestion system with nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through chemical characterization, aiming at verifying the synergistic effect between these oxidizing agents. Microwave irradiation was applied as a heating method to facilitate the chemical reactions, focusing on the synergism between HNO3 and H2O2. Results showed that 5 M H2O2 in combination with 1% HNO3, presented better results. A greater decrease in cross-link density was demonstrated as the concentration of H2O2 increased (3.96·10-5±1.99·10-6 mol/cm³), likewise, higher sulfates released (926.8±53.4 mg/L), increased mass loss (12.184±1.06%), rubber surface fragmentation, and important variations in the C-S, C=O bands, showing better results when devulcanization is carried out in synergism between HNO3 and H2O2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Express Polymer Letters is the property of Budapest University of Technology & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2025.45
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Rubber waste
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Oxidizing agents
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      – SubjectFull: Hydrogen peroxide
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      – SubjectFull: Chemical reactions
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      – SubjectFull: Nitric acid
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      – TitleFull: Synergism in the devulcanization of rubber in a closed vessel microwave using HNO3 and H2O2.
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            NameFull: Valdés, Cristian
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              M: 06
              Text: Jun2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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