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Characterization and Influence Analysis of Constraint Stiffness in Rock Indentation Test.

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Title: Characterization and Influence Analysis of Constraint Stiffness in Rock Indentation Test.
Authors: Liu, Lina1,2 (AUTHOR), Fang, Kai1,2 (AUTHOR) zjufangkai@163.com, Zhao, Tongbin1,2 (AUTHOR), Meng, Qingzhou1,2 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Chengguo3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Rock Mechanics & Rock Engineering. May2025, Vol. 58 Issue 5, p5673-5688. 16p.
Subjects: Rock testing, Rock mechanics, Crack propagation, Rock music, Sample size (Statistics)
Abstract: Rock indentation test is an effective technical method for evaluating the mechanical properties of rocks. However, indentation tests currently face a variety of test conditions. They can be conducted on laboratory samples of different sizes, samples with constraint structures or in-situ rock masses. These various test conditions lead to differences in constraint stiffness, and whether constraint stiffness affects indentation tests has become a critical factor in determining the applicability of indentation results. To access the influence of constraint stiffness on indentation test, a characterization model for constraint stiffness was developed to quantify it under different test conditions. Combining laboratory tests and PFC-FLAC 3D coupled numerical model, the influence of constraint stiffness on the indentation index and fracture characteristics was investigated. The findings reveal that constraint stiffness significantly affects indentation characteristics of rocks with different lithologies. A high constraint stiffness leads to an increase in the obtained mean indentation index (MII), and the increase in MII is more significant for hard rocks with the increase in constraint stiffness ratio. Increased constraint stiffness further suppresses fracture propagation in rock samples during indentation. For indentation tests under different laboratory or in-situ conditions, the results can be harmonized through an indentation index convertion based on constraint stiffness. Highlights: The differences in constraint stiffness caused by different indentation test conditions are quantitatively characterized. High constraint stiffness leads to an increase in the mean indentation index obtained from indentation tests. Based on constraint stiffness, non-standard laboratory results can be corrected to eliminate the influence of test conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Rock Mechanics & Rock Engineering is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Characterization and Influence Analysis of Constraint Stiffness in Rock Indentation Test.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Lina%22">Liu, Lina</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fang%2C+Kai%22">Fang, Kai</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zjufangkai@163.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhao%2C+Tongbin%22">Zhao, Tongbin</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Meng%2C+Qingzhou%22">Meng, Qingzhou</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Chengguo%22">Zhang, Chengguo</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Rock+Mechanics+%26+Rock+Engineering%22">Rock Mechanics & Rock Engineering</searchLink>. May2025, Vol. 58 Issue 5, p5673-5688. 16p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rock+testing%22">Rock testing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rock+mechanics%22">Rock mechanics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Crack+propagation%22">Crack propagation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rock+music%22">Rock music</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sample+size+%28Statistics%29%22">Sample size (Statistics)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Rock indentation test is an effective technical method for evaluating the mechanical properties of rocks. However, indentation tests currently face a variety of test conditions. They can be conducted on laboratory samples of different sizes, samples with constraint structures or in-situ rock masses. These various test conditions lead to differences in constraint stiffness, and whether constraint stiffness affects indentation tests has become a critical factor in determining the applicability of indentation results. To access the influence of constraint stiffness on indentation test, a characterization model for constraint stiffness was developed to quantify it under different test conditions. Combining laboratory tests and PFC-FLAC 3D coupled numerical model, the influence of constraint stiffness on the indentation index and fracture characteristics was investigated. The findings reveal that constraint stiffness significantly affects indentation characteristics of rocks with different lithologies. A high constraint stiffness leads to an increase in the obtained mean indentation index (MII), and the increase in MII is more significant for hard rocks with the increase in constraint stiffness ratio. Increased constraint stiffness further suppresses fracture propagation in rock samples during indentation. For indentation tests under different laboratory or in-situ conditions, the results can be harmonized through an indentation index convertion based on constraint stiffness. Highlights: The differences in constraint stiffness caused by different indentation test conditions are quantitatively characterized. High constraint stiffness leads to an increase in the mean indentation index obtained from indentation tests. Based on constraint stiffness, non-standard laboratory results can be corrected to eliminate the influence of test conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Rock Mechanics & Rock Engineering is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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        Value: 10.1007/s00603-025-04419-6
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 5673
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Rock testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rock mechanics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Crack propagation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rock music
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sample size (Statistics)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Characterization and Influence Analysis of Constraint Stiffness in Rock Indentation Test.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Liu, Lina
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            NameFull: Fang, Kai
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            NameFull: Zhao, Tongbin
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            NameFull: Meng, Qingzhou
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            NameFull: Zhang, Chengguo
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            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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            – TitleFull: Rock Mechanics & Rock Engineering
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