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3D Current collectors for Lithium metal anodes: A review on concepts of performance.

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Title: 3D Current collectors for Lithium metal anodes: A review on concepts of performance.
Authors: Sayed, Sayed Youssef1 (AUTHOR) sayed.ysnagy@gm.com, Reese, Caleb1 (AUTHOR), Kim, Yoojin1 (AUTHOR), Sachdev, Anil K1 (AUTHOR) anil.k.sachdev@outlook.com
Source: International Materials Reviews. May2025, Vol. 70 Issue 3, p139-204. 66p.
Subjects: Metal coating, Energy density, Electron transport, Surface area, Dendritic crystals
Abstract: Lithium metal anodes (LMAs) have the potential to boost cell-level energy densities when coupled with high-capacity cathode materials compared with the ubiquitous graphite electrodes. However, LMAs face several outstanding challenges, including dendritic Li growth, high-volume expansion, and low mechanical strength leading to poor formability for thin and large-format anodes, among others. One approach to address some of these issues is to replace the conventional 2D foils with 3D current collectors (3DCC) which possess high surface areas, open porous structures that are beneficial for increased electrolyte infiltration, faster Li ion transport, and shorter electron transport pathways, all of which can also lower the internal resistance of the cell. This article reviews the theoretical background of the potential influence of 3DCC on the Li plating process, different approaches for manufacturing 3DCCs, and current methodologies for obtaining Li anodes for high-volume manufacturing. For LMAs, the potential benefits of Li-containing 3DCCs are the accommodation of Li volume expansion due to the porous host structure, reduction of local current density due to the higher surface area of the 3D structure, and possibly improvement in the LMA mechanical integrity. Various methods for producing 3DCC structures by the "bottom-up" or the "top-down" methods are described. The synergistic effect of the optimized porous structure (e.g., surface area, pore size & density, tortuosity) of 3DCCs and the "lithiophilic" coatings, providing a wettability of Li, improves cycling performance of LMAs by favoring large-sized and dendrite-free Li deposits. Finally, Li electroplating, evaporation, molten form, and rolling methods have been evaluated for their potential in providing Li metal contained within 3DCCs, each has advantages and shortcomings. Nonetheless, rolling Li on current collectors to produce LMAs is considered the most scalable paradigm due to the room temperature operation conditions and the fact that the wettability of Li is not highly limiting their fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Materials Reviews is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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  Data: 3D Current collectors for Lithium metal anodes: A review on concepts of performance.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sayed%2C+Sayed+Youssef%22">Sayed, Sayed Youssef</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> sayed.ysnagy@gm.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Reese%2C+Caleb%22">Reese, Caleb</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+Yoojin%22">Kim, Yoojin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sachdev%2C+Anil+K%22">Sachdev, Anil K</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> anil.k.sachdev@outlook.com</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Materials+Reviews%22">International Materials Reviews</searchLink>. May2025, Vol. 70 Issue 3, p139-204. 66p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Metal+coating%22">Metal coating</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+density%22">Energy density</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electron+transport%22">Electron transport</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Surface+area%22">Surface area</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dendritic+crystals%22">Dendritic crystals</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Lithium metal anodes (LMAs) have the potential to boost cell-level energy densities when coupled with high-capacity cathode materials compared with the ubiquitous graphite electrodes. However, LMAs face several outstanding challenges, including dendritic Li growth, high-volume expansion, and low mechanical strength leading to poor formability for thin and large-format anodes, among others. One approach to address some of these issues is to replace the conventional 2D foils with 3D current collectors (3DCC) which possess high surface areas, open porous structures that are beneficial for increased electrolyte infiltration, faster Li ion transport, and shorter electron transport pathways, all of which can also lower the internal resistance of the cell. This article reviews the theoretical background of the potential influence of 3DCC on the Li plating process, different approaches for manufacturing 3DCCs, and current methodologies for obtaining Li anodes for high-volume manufacturing. For LMAs, the potential benefits of Li-containing 3DCCs are the accommodation of Li volume expansion due to the porous host structure, reduction of local current density due to the higher surface area of the 3D structure, and possibly improvement in the LMA mechanical integrity. Various methods for producing 3DCC structures by the "bottom-up" or the "top-down" methods are described. The synergistic effect of the optimized porous structure (e.g., surface area, pore size & density, tortuosity) of 3DCCs and the "lithiophilic" coatings, providing a wettability of Li, improves cycling performance of LMAs by favoring large-sized and dendrite-free Li deposits. Finally, Li electroplating, evaporation, molten form, and rolling methods have been evaluated for their potential in providing Li metal contained within 3DCCs, each has advantages and shortcomings. Nonetheless, rolling Li on current collectors to produce LMAs is considered the most scalable paradigm due to the room temperature operation conditions and the fact that the wettability of Li is not highly limiting their fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Materials Reviews is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1177/09506608251318467
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 66
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      – SubjectFull: Metal coating
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy density
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electron transport
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Surface area
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dendritic crystals
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: 3D Current collectors for Lithium metal anodes: A review on concepts of performance.
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            NameFull: Sayed, Sayed Youssef
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            NameFull: Reese, Caleb
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            NameFull: Kim, Yoojin
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            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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