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Pulse-modulated microwave air plasma for nitrogen fixation as NOx.

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Bibliographic Details
Title:	Pulse-modulated microwave air plasma for nitrogen fixation as NOx.
Authors:	Luo, Yi¹ (AUTHOR), Qiu, Fangcheng² (AUTHOR), Zheng, Xin² (AUTHOR), Li, Hanyu² (AUTHOR), Li, Yiheng¹ (AUTHOR), Jiang, Shuai¹ (AUTHOR), Wang, Jincong¹ (AUTHOR), Zhang, Teng¹ (AUTHOR), Pei, Xuekai¹ (AUTHOR) peixuekai@gmail.com
Source:	Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2025, Vol. 58 Issue 23, p1-14. 14p.
Subjects:	Pulse frequency modulation, Microwave plasmas, Nitrogen plasmas, Plasma temperature, High-frequency discharges
Abstract:	A pulse-modulated microwave air discharge operating at 2.475 GHz was applied for the conversion of nitrogen ( N 2 ) and oxygen ( O 2 ) into nitrogen oxides ( NO x ), including NO, NO 2 , and N 2 O 4 . The effects of pulse modulation frequency, duty cycle, flow rate and O 2 content were investigated for better understanding and optimization of the NO x productivity and the corresponding energy cost (EC). The results indicated that high-frequency pulses (10–100 kHz) had a minimal effect on NO x productivity and EC. However, the duty cycle significantly influenced EC, leading to a reduction of approximately 21% when decreased to 40% compared to full load. Meanwhile, the reduction in duty cycle considerably decreased the plasma temperature, lowering it from around 4900 K at 100% to around 2700 K at 40%. The flow rate also had a significant effect on both NO x productivity and EC; higher duty cycles and larger flow rates increased productivity, while lower duty cycles and higher flow rates achieved the lowest EC, with a minimum value of 2.98 MJ mol−1. As the O 2 content increases from 10 % to 90 % , NO x productivity initially rises and then declines, while EC follows opposite trend. The maximum NO x productivity and minimum EC occur at O 2 content of approximately 40 % or 50 % , with the lowest EC reaching 3.03 MJ mol−1. This study demonstrates the effective reduction of NO x EC under various conditions by adjusting duty cycle, flow rate, and O 2 content, providing insights for improving nitrogen fixation efficiency in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Database:	Engineering Source

Description
Abstract:	A pulse-modulated microwave air discharge operating at 2.475 GHz was applied for the conversion of nitrogen ( N 2 ) and oxygen ( O 2 ) into nitrogen oxides ( NO x ), including NO, NO 2 , and N 2 O 4 . The effects of pulse modulation frequency, duty cycle, flow rate and O 2 content were investigated for better understanding and optimization of the NO x productivity and the corresponding energy cost (EC). The results indicated that high-frequency pulses (10–100 kHz) had a minimal effect on NO x productivity and EC. However, the duty cycle significantly influenced EC, leading to a reduction of approximately 21% when decreased to 40% compared to full load. Meanwhile, the reduction in duty cycle considerably decreased the plasma temperature, lowering it from around 4900 K at 100% to around 2700 K at 40%. The flow rate also had a significant effect on both NO x productivity and EC; higher duty cycles and larger flow rates increased productivity, while lower duty cycles and higher flow rates achieved the lowest EC, with a minimum value of 2.98 MJ mol−1. As the O 2 content increases from 10 % to 90 % , NO x productivity initially rises and then declines, while EC follows opposite trend. The maximum NO x productivity and minimum EC occur at O 2 content of approximately 40 % or 50 % , with the lowest EC reaching 3.03 MJ mol−1. This study demonstrates the effective reduction of NO x EC under various conditions by adjusting duty cycle, flow rate, and O 2 content, providing insights for improving nitrogen fixation efficiency in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:	00223727
DOI:	10.1088/1361-6463/add272