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Pulse-modulated microwave air plasma for nitrogen fixation as NOx.

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Title: Pulse-modulated microwave air plasma for nitrogen fixation as NOx.
Authors: Luo, Yi1 (AUTHOR), Qiu, Fangcheng2 (AUTHOR), Zheng, Xin2 (AUTHOR), Li, Hanyu2 (AUTHOR), Li, Yiheng1 (AUTHOR), Jiang, Shuai1 (AUTHOR), Wang, Jincong1 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Teng1 (AUTHOR), Pei, Xuekai1 (AUTHOR) peixuekai@gmail.com
Source: Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2025, Vol. 58 Issue 23, p1-14. 14p.
Subjects: Pulse frequency modulation, Microwave plasmas, Nitrogen plasmas, Plasma temperature, High-frequency discharges
Abstract: A pulse-modulated microwave air discharge operating at 2.475 GHz was applied for the conversion of nitrogen ( N 2 ) and oxygen ( O 2 ) into nitrogen oxides ( NO x ), including NO, NO 2 , and N 2 O 4 . The effects of pulse modulation frequency, duty cycle, flow rate and O 2 content were investigated for better understanding and optimization of the NO x productivity and the corresponding energy cost (EC). The results indicated that high-frequency pulses (10–100 kHz) had a minimal effect on NO x productivity and EC. However, the duty cycle significantly influenced EC, leading to a reduction of approximately 21% when decreased to 40% compared to full load. Meanwhile, the reduction in duty cycle considerably decreased the plasma temperature, lowering it from around 4900 K at 100% to around 2700 K at 40%. The flow rate also had a significant effect on both NO x productivity and EC; higher duty cycles and larger flow rates increased productivity, while lower duty cycles and higher flow rates achieved the lowest EC, with a minimum value of 2.98 MJ mol−1. As the O 2 content increases from 10 % to 90 % , NO x productivity initially rises and then declines, while EC follows opposite trend. The maximum NO x productivity and minimum EC occur at O 2 content of approximately 40 % or 50 % , with the lowest EC reaching 3.03 MJ mol−1. This study demonstrates the effective reduction of NO x EC under various conditions by adjusting duty cycle, flow rate, and O 2 content, providing insights for improving nitrogen fixation efficiency in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics is the property of IOP Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 185266481
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: Pulse-modulated microwave air plasma for nitrogen fixation as NOx.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Luo%2C+Yi%22">Luo, Yi</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Qiu%2C+Fangcheng%22">Qiu, Fangcheng</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zheng%2C+Xin%22">Zheng, Xin</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Hanyu%22">Li, Hanyu</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Yiheng%22">Li, Yiheng</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jiang%2C+Shuai%22">Jiang, Shuai</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Jincong%22">Wang, Jincong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Teng%22">Zhang, Teng</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pei%2C+Xuekai%22">Pei, Xuekai</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> peixuekai@gmail.com</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Physics+D%3A+Applied+Physics%22">Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics</searchLink>. 2025, Vol. 58 Issue 23, p1-14. 14p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pulse+frequency+modulation%22">Pulse frequency modulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microwave+plasmas%22">Microwave plasmas</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nitrogen+plasmas%22">Nitrogen plasmas</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Plasma+temperature%22">Plasma temperature</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22High-frequency+discharges%22">High-frequency discharges</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: A pulse-modulated microwave air discharge operating at 2.475 GHz was applied for the conversion of nitrogen ( N 2 ) and oxygen ( O 2 ) into nitrogen oxides ( NO x ), including NO, NO 2 , and N 2 O 4 . The effects of pulse modulation frequency, duty cycle, flow rate and O 2 content were investigated for better understanding and optimization of the NO x productivity and the corresponding energy cost (EC). The results indicated that high-frequency pulses (10–100 kHz) had a minimal effect on NO x productivity and EC. However, the duty cycle significantly influenced EC, leading to a reduction of approximately 21% when decreased to 40% compared to full load. Meanwhile, the reduction in duty cycle considerably decreased the plasma temperature, lowering it from around 4900 K at 100% to around 2700 K at 40%. The flow rate also had a significant effect on both NO x productivity and EC; higher duty cycles and larger flow rates increased productivity, while lower duty cycles and higher flow rates achieved the lowest EC, with a minimum value of 2.98 MJ mol−1. As the O 2 content increases from 10 % to 90 % , NO x productivity initially rises and then declines, while EC follows opposite trend. The maximum NO x productivity and minimum EC occur at O 2 content of approximately 40 % or 50 % , with the lowest EC reaching 3.03 MJ mol−1. This study demonstrates the effective reduction of NO x EC under various conditions by adjusting duty cycle, flow rate, and O 2 content, providing insights for improving nitrogen fixation efficiency in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics is the property of IOP Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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        Value: 10.1088/1361-6463/add272
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Pulse frequency modulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microwave plasmas
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nitrogen plasmas
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Plasma temperature
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: High-frequency discharges
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Pulse-modulated microwave air plasma for nitrogen fixation as NOx.
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            NameFull: Luo, Yi
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            NameFull: Qiu, Fangcheng
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            NameFull: Zheng, Xin
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            NameFull: Li, Hanyu
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            NameFull: Li, Yiheng
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            NameFull: Wang, Jincong
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            – D: 09
              M: 06
              Text: 2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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