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Exploring the Affordance Effect of Visual Properties Associated with Virtual Keyboard Buttons on Smartphones.

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Title: Exploring the Affordance Effect of Visual Properties Associated with Virtual Keyboard Buttons on Smartphones.
Authors: Chen, Hsi-Jen1 (AUTHOR), Wu, Ming-Da1 (AUTHOR) tarzan8720@yahoo.com.tw, Lo, I-Chung2 (AUTHOR), Chang, Darby Tien-Hao2,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. Jun2025, Vol. 41 Issue 11, p7092-7111. 20p.
Subjects: Smartphones, Keyboarding, College students, Signs & symbols, Speed
Abstract: Digital affordances exist on the touchscreen, but the affordance of virtual buttons on smartphones is unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the on-screen affordances by examining whether the visual properties of virtual keyboard buttons could afford possible clicking actions and affect the entry performance. This study employed a three-way within-subject design: 2 (Symbol Position: standard mode vs. corrective mode) × 2 (Button Border: bordered button vs. borderless button) × 26 (Button Position: 26 positions). In the serial tapping task, 30 university students tapped virtual keyboard buttons with four button types. The results confirmed that the symbol-position and button-border variables influenced clicking actions. When employing offset-correcting symbols, the entry accuracy of virtual keyboard buttons increased without the speed-accuracy tradeoff. Additionally, button borders improved the perceived usability of virtual keyboard buttons despite failing to enhance the entry accuracy and speed. However, the button position moderated the effects of the symbol-position and button-border variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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  Data: Exploring the Affordance Effect of Visual Properties Associated with Virtual Keyboard Buttons on Smartphones.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Hsi-Jen%22">Chen, Hsi-Jen</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wu%2C+Ming-Da%22">Wu, Ming-Da</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> tarzan8720@yahoo.com.tw</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lo%2C+I-Chung%22">Lo, I-Chung</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chang%2C+Darby+Tien-Hao%22">Chang, Darby Tien-Hao</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Human-Computer+Interaction%22">International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction</searchLink>. Jun2025, Vol. 41 Issue 11, p7092-7111. 20p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Smartphones%22">Smartphones</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Keyboarding%22">Keyboarding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22College+students%22">College students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Signs+%26+symbols%22">Signs & symbols</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Speed%22">Speed</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Digital affordances exist on the touchscreen, but the affordance of virtual buttons on smartphones is unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the on-screen affordances by examining whether the visual properties of virtual keyboard buttons could afford possible clicking actions and affect the entry performance. This study employed a three-way within-subject design: 2 (Symbol Position: standard mode vs. corrective mode) × 2 (Button Border: bordered button vs. borderless button) × 26 (Button Position: 26 positions). In the serial tapping task, 30 university students tapped virtual keyboard buttons with four button types. The results confirmed that the symbol-position and button-border variables influenced clicking actions. When employing offset-correcting symbols, the entry accuracy of virtual keyboard buttons increased without the speed-accuracy tradeoff. Additionally, button borders improved the perceived usability of virtual keyboard buttons despite failing to enhance the entry accuracy and speed. However, the button position moderated the effects of the symbol-position and button-border variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/10447318.2024.2389349
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Smartphones
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Keyboarding
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: College students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signs & symbols
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Speed
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Exploring the Affordance Effect of Visual Properties Associated with Virtual Keyboard Buttons on Smartphones.
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            NameFull: Wu, Ming-Da
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            NameFull: Lo, I-Chung
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            NameFull: Chang, Darby Tien-Hao
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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